Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Development ( Conception , Infancy and Childhood) (Development (…

- - - - Nature: refers to heredity and the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, growth, intellect, social skills
        
        Behavioral genetics is relatively new field that attempts that attempts to identify genetic basis of behavior
      - Nurture: refers to influence of the environment on inherited traits including parenting styles, socioeconomic status, physical surroundings, etc
      - Interaction between nature and nurture
        
        Physical growth
        
        Intellectual growth
        
        Personality
        
        Social interactions
  - - - aside from the egg and the sperm, humnas have 46 chromosomes in each cell of the body
      - Individual gets 23 chromosomes from the mother's egg and 23 from the father's sperm
      - most characteristics are determined by 22 such pairs (autosomes); the last pair determines the sex of the person (sex chromosomes)
- - - - Touch is most well-developed sense at birth
      - Smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation) is higly developed
      - Hearing (audition) is functional
      - Vision is least developed
        
        "Fuzzy" , and black and white vision for the first few months
        
        Prefer patterns that resemble human faces
  - - - neurodevelopmental disorder that involves issues in thinking, feeling, feeling, language, and social interactions
      - Cause are still being investigated but do not appear to be linked to childhood immunization
    - - Jean Piaget: developed the 4 stage theory of cognitive development based on observation of infants/children
        
        Schemes: mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations and events. Plays a major role organizing information
        
        Assimilation: fitting new information into existing scheme
        
        Accommodation: adjusting old schemes to fit new information
        
        Four distinct stages
        
        Sensorimotor : develop object permanence
        
        Preoperational; develop conservation
        
        Concrete operations: develop logical reasoning
        
        Formal operations; develop abstract thinking
      - Vygotsky's Theory: stressed the importance of social and cultural interactions with other people
        
        Scaffolding: process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner ( more skilled learner then reduced the amount of help as less skilled learner becomes more capable
        
        Zone of proximal development (ZPD): the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher
      - Erikson's Theory: proposed the 8- stage theory of development
        
        First 4 stages of development occur in infancy and childhood
        
        Stages involve resolving crisis
        
        Trained a Freudian psychoanalyst
        
        Focused less on sexual development than Freud did
        
        Instead, though social interactions were most important factor
        
        Infancy/ childhood stages
        
        Trust vs Mistrust: needs being met
        
        Autonomy vs shame/ doubt: control of own actions
        
        Initiative vs Guilt: responsibility for actions
        
        Industry vs Inferiority: development of skills
  - - - Secure: willing to explore; upset when mother departs, but easily soothed upon her return
      - Avoidant: explores without "touching base'
        
        Unattached
      - Ambivalent: upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return
        
        Insecurely attached
      - Disorganized- disoriented: child seems fearful , dazed, and depressed
        
        Insecurely attached
        
        Sometimes abused or neglected
- - - - Primary sex characteristic : genitals, reproductive organs
      - Secondary sex characteristics : body hair , breasts , etc
  - - - very focus from biological changes to influence on external stressors
      - Cellular clock theory
      - wear- and- tear theory
      - Free radical theory
      - activity theory
  - - - Autnoritian: parents are rigid and overly strict , showing little warmth to their children
      - Permissive: parents make put few, if any, demands on their chidlren for behavior
      - Authoritative: parents combine warmth/affection with firm limits on their children's behavior
  - - - 20s- peak physical health, sharp senses , fewer insecurities than in adolescence , and mature cognitive abilities
      - 40s and 50s - bifocals may become necessary ( lens of eye hardens) , hearing loss may begin
      - 30s- wrinkles may begin forming, vision and hearing may begin to decline
      - 60s and 70s- hearing aids may become necessary
      - Sexual changes: sexual functioning usually does not decline in middle age
        
        Menopause
        
        Changes in sexual hormones and reproductive system
        
        Experienced by people with "female" reproductive systems
        
        Changes usually begin in the 40s
        
        Cessation of ovulation and menstrual cycle
        
        Average age: 51
        
        Andropause
        
        Changes in sexual hormones and reproductive system
        
        Changes usually begin in the 40s
        
        More gradual and less severe than menopause
  - - - Preconventional morality: focuses on consequences
      - Conventional morality : focuses on society's norms
      - Postconventional morality ; focuses on moral principles
        
        May conflict with accepted social norm
      - Criticized as being male-oriented and biased toward western cultures
        
        Only used males in his studies
        
        Kohlberg only asked people when they thought should be done in hypothetical situations
      - Carol Gilligan: proposed gender differences in morality
        
        Men: actions are moral when they lead to a fair or just end
        
        Women : actions are moral when they are nonviolent and hurt the fewest people