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Chapter 11: Sources of Prejudice (Cognitive sources of prejudice…
Chapter 11: Sources of Prejudice
What is Prejudice
a negative pre-judgment of a group and its individual members
The negative evaluations that mark prejudice often are supported by negative beliefs, called stereotypes
A problem with stereotypes arises when they are over-generalized or just plain wrong
Prejudice is a negative attitude; discrimination is negative behaviour
Discrimination: unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members
Racism
an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race
institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race
Sexism
an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given sex
institutional practices that subordinate people of a given sex
Social sources of prejudice
Stereotypes rationalize unequal status
Unequal status breeds prejudice
Social dominance orientation
a motivation to have your own group be dominant over other social groups
Prejudice also springs from our acquired values and attitudes
Ethnocentric
believing in the superiority of your own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
Social institutions (governments, schools, the media) also support prejudice, sometimes through overt policies and sometimes through unintentional inertia
Motivational sources of prejudice
Realistic group conflict theory
The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
Social identity theory
Turner and Tajel observed
We categorize
We identify
We compare
Personal identity and social identity together feed self-esteem
In-group bias:
the tendency to favour our own
Such favouritism could reflect
liking for the in-group
dislike for the out-group
both
Just-world phenomenon: the tendency of people to believe that the world is just, and that, therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
If people are motivated to avoid prejudice, they can break the prejudice habit
Cognitive sources of prejudice
Stereotypes represent cognitive efficiency
They are energy-saving schemes for making speedy judgments and predicting how others will think and act
We rely on them when: pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused, too young to appreciate diversity
Out-group homogeneity effect
perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members
In general, the greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity
The less familiarity, the more we stereotype
Own-race bias
the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
Distinctive people and vivid or extreme occurrences often capture attention and distort judgements
Attributing others’ behaviours to their dispositions can lead to the group-serving bias
assigning out-group members’ negative behaviour to their natural character while explaining away their positive behaviours