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Biology revision (Organisms - Movement (Joints: Places where bones meet.,…
Biology revision
Organisms - Movement
Joints: Places where bones meet.
Bone marrow: Tissue found inside some bones where
new blood cells are made.
Ligaments: Connect bones in joints.
Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.
Cartilage: Smooth tissue found at the end of bones,
which reduces friction between them.
Antagonistic muscle pair: Muscles working in unison
to create movement.
Organisms - Cells
Multicellular organisms are composed of cells which are organised into tissues, organs and systems to
carry out life processes.
There are many types of cell. Each has a different structure or feature so it can do a specific job.
Skill: Use a light microscope to observe and draw cells.
Fact: Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria.
Fact: Plant cells also have a cell wall, chloroplasts and usually a permanent vacuole.
Keywords
Cell: The unit of a living organism, contains parts to carry out life processes.
Uni-cellular: Living things made up of one cell.
Multi-cellular: Living things made up of many types of cell.
Tissue: Group of cells of one type.
Organ: Group of different tissues working together to carry out a job.
Diffusion: One way for substances to move into and out of cells.
Structural adaptations: Special features to help a cell carry out its functions.
Cell membrane: Surrounds the cell and controls movement of substances in and out.
Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) which controls the cell’s activities.
Vacuole: Area in a cell that contains liquid, and can be used by plants to keep the cell rigid and store substances.
Mitochondria: Part of the cell where energy is released from food molecules.
Cell wall: Strengthens the cell. In plant cells it is made of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Absorbs light energy so the plant can make food.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance where most chemical processes happen.
Immune system: Protects the body against infections.
Reproductive system: Produces sperm and eggs, and is where the foetus develops.
Digestive system: Breaks down and then absorbs food molecules.
Circulatory system: Transports substances around the body.
Respiratory system: Replaces oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood.
Muscular skeletal system: Muscles and bones working together to cause movement and support the body.
Breathing
In gas exchange, oxygen and carbon dioxide move between alveoli and the blood. Oxygen is transported to cells for aerobic respiration and carbon dioxide, a waste product of respiration, is removed from the body.
The trachea carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs and the bronchi are two tubes which carry air to the lungs
Breathing occurs through the action of muscles in the ribcage and diaphragm. The amount of oxygen required by body cells determines the rate of breathing.
Ribs are sones which surround the lungs to form the ribcage and the diaphragm is a sheet of muscle found underneath the ribs.
Bronchioles are small tubes in the lung and alvioli are small air sacs found at the end of each bronchiole.
Lung volume is the amount of air breathed in or out.
Digestion
The body needs a balanced diet with carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water, for its cells’ energy, growth and maintenance.
Organs of the digestive system are adapted to break large food molecules into small ones which can travel in the blood to cells and are used for life processes.
Minerals such as iron and calcium are important for red blood cell function and bone developement.
Vitamins and minerals are needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy.
Enzymes are substances that speed up the chemical reactions of digestion.
Parts of plants that cannot be digested, which helps the body eliminate waste.
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. There are two types: simple (sugars) and complex (starch)
Lipids (fats and oils) are a source of energy, found in butter, milk, eggs, nuts.
Protein is a nutrient your body uses to build new tissue for growth and repair. Sources are meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts and seeds.
The stomach is a sac where food is mixed with acidic juices to start the digestion of protein and kill microorganisms. The small intestine is the upper part of the intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed by the blood and that the large intestine is the lower partfrom which water is absorbed and where faeces are formed.
Photosynthesis and respiration
Respiration is a series of chemical reactions, in cells, that breaks down glucose to provide energy and form new molecules. Most living things use aerobic respiration but switch to anaerobic respiration, which provides less energy, when oxygen is unavailable.
That yeast fermentation is used in brewing and breadmaking.
Aerobic respiration is the breaking down glucose with oxygen to release energy and producing carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) is releasing energy from the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing lactic acid (in animals) and ethanol and carbon dioxide (in plants and microorganisms).
Plants and algae do not eat, but use energy from light, together with carbon dioxide and water to make glucose (food) through photosynthesis.
They either use the glucose as an energy source, to build new tissue, or store it for later use.
Plants have specially-adapted organs that allow them to obtain resources needed for photosynthesis.
That iodine is used to test for the presence of starch.
Fertilisers are chemicals containing minerals that plants need to build new tissues.
Photosynthesis is a process where plants and algae turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and release oxygen.
Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants and algae which absorbs light energy.
Stomata are pores in the bottom of a leaf which open and close to let gases in and out.