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cancer (diagnostic studies (Endoscopic examination (Direct visualisation…
cancer
diagnostic studies
Cystologic examinations
The Papanicolaou (Pap smear) is a valuable test, which was developed for the early detection of cancer of the cervix.
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Needle biopsy
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The suspected area is usually located through radiological imaging and a special needle used to obtain a small core of tissue for cytological analysis.
Endoscopic examination
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In some instances, a biopsy can be taken at the same time by using biting forceps, which can be passed through the endoscope
An endoscopy can be used to visualize the larynx (laryngoscopy), bronchi (bronchoscopy), Oesophagus (oesophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid (sigmoidoscopy), rectum (proctoscopy) and bladder (cystoscopy).
X-ray techniques:
X-ray techniques are used especially to detect tumours that are causing an obstruction in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory or renal tract
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Ultrasound procedures
These can be used to detect the presence of tumours in the pelvic area, prostate or other parts of the body.
This technique is advantageous in that it allows to the detection of growths without exposure to radiation, and it is also non-invasive.
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