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Cell Structure and Function (Organelles (Chloroplasts (Capture light…
Cell Structure and Function
Studying Cells
Cell Fractionation
allows cell components to be studied in bulk
uses a centrifuge to spin and separate parts
Takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other structures one at a time
Prokaryote v. Eukaryote
Eukaryotes have a nucleus, cytoplasm, large
Prokaryotes have a nucleoid, compartments inside, smaller
Both have a plasma membrane, chromosomes, ribosomes, and cytosol
Microscopy
Electron microscopes use beams of electrons and can see cells down to proteins, viruses, and ribosomes
Scanning electron microscope can study topography and is in 3D
Light microscopes use visible light and can see cells and bacteria
Transmission electron microscope is used to study the internal structure of cells
Animal v Plant
Plants have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and are unable to lyse open
Animal cells have a cytoskeleton, some have flagellum, and they can shrivel up and lyse open.
Both cells have most of the same organelles
Parts of a cell
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and Flagella are microtubules that aid in locomotion of some cells
Centrosome is a region near the nucleus of an animal cell where microtubules grow out from and centrioles are 9 sets of triplets arranged in a ring located inside the centrosome
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments make up the cytoskeleton
Rolls of the cytoskeleton are support and mobility
Cell Walls of Plants
Holds the plant up and together, goal is structure
Primary cell wall is the thin, flexible cell wall of a new plant cell and the secondary cell wall is the wall between the cell membrane and the primary wall
An extracellular structure of plant cells
Middle lamella is a thin layer rich in sticky pectin that glues adjacent cells together
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments are microfilaments with a larger diameter
Thin solid rods that make cell skeletons
Cortex is the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell that consists of microfilaments
The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
Collagen fibers are embedded in a network of proteoglycans
Some cells are attached to the ECM by fibronectin and others use their proteins and receptor proteins called integrins
Made of collagen which forms strong fibers outside the cell
Acts as a elaborate outer layer of a animal cell, like a plant cell wall
Cell Membrane
Transport
Passive transport is a form of transport where molecules diffuse through channel proteins in and out of the cell with no energy required
Diffusions is the spread of particles into any available space toward equilibrium
Active transport is a form of transport that requires energy in the form of ATP and transport proteins
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Endocytosis
Human cells use receptor mediated endocytosis to take in cholesterol
The cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane
Phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle with arm like structures
Pinocytosis a cell gulps up droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles
Receptor medicated endocytosis enables cells to take in bulk quantities of substances with receptors and pinocytosis
Exocytosis is the movement of molecules out of the cell while endocytosis is movement into the cell
Cell Membrane
Fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins
Have a phospholipid bilayer with different proteins in it
Cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that allows some substances to pass through easier than others
Water Balance of Cells
Hypotonic there is more water inside the cell than outside so it will all flow out and cause the cell to shrivel up and die
Hypertonic there is less water inside the cell than outside the cell causing it to take in too much water and lyse open
Isotonic to the cell there is equal amounts of water in and out of the cell
Organelles
Ribosomes
Protein factories
Complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins that carry out protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
Both smooth and rough ER regulate protein traffic and preform metabolic functions
Very large organelle, smooth ER has no ribosomes on the outside, rough ER does
Nucleus
Informational central
Contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cells usually very easy to identify
Golgi apparatus
Shipping and receiving center
Works as a warehouse, very large and extensive organelle
Vacuoles
Diverse maintenance compartments
Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
Mitocondria
Power house of the cell
Sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process, and generator of energy
Chloroplasts
Capture light energy
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll, along with enzymes and other molecules that function in the photosynthetic production of sugar
Only found in photosynthetic cells
Lysosomes
Digestive compartments
Membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules