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BIRTH AND THE NEWBORN BABY (CHARACTERISTICS OF NEONATES (HEARING Fetuses…
BIRTH AND THE NEWBORN BABY
THE STAGES OF CHILDBIRTH
2nd stage
:explode:baby appears at opening of birth canal
:explode:It may last minutes or a few hours and end with baby birth
:explode:Once baby’s head emerges from mother, mucus is suctioned from the baby’s mouth
:explode:Clears passageway for breathing and Umbilical cord is clamped and detached
1st stage
:explode:Few hours to more than a day
:explode:Contractions increase
:explode:Measure fetal heart rate
:explode:Speed up delivery, forceps or vacuum extraction tube may be used
3rd stage
:explode:Also known as placental stage
:explode:Lasts minutes to an hour or more
:explode:Placenta separates from the wall of uterus and is expelled through the birth canal
METHODS OF CHILDBIRTH
Anesthesia Used
General anesthesia
Puts mother to sleep Negative effects:
Abnormal patterns of sleep and wakefulness
Regional/Local anesthetics
Deaden pain without putting mother to sleep
Cesarean Section
Delivered by abdominal surgery
Typical indications
:
:red_flag:Mother’s small pelvis
:red_flag:Maternal weakness or fatigu
:red_flag:Baby is too large
:red_flag:Baby is in distress
:red_flag:May be used to bypass infections in birth canal from HIV or Herpes
BIRTH PROBLEMS
What are the Effects of
oxygen deprivation
at birth?
:umbrella:Hypoxia: The baby does not receive enough oxygen
Effects
on the development of:
:closed_umbrella:Central nervous system (cognitive and motor problem)
:closed_umbrella:Hippocampus (memory formation)
:closed_umbrella:Psychological (early onset schizophrenia)
:closed_umbrella:Slow learning
What are the risks in being born
Preterm or Low
in birth weight?
:umbrella:Premature baby: Occurs before 37 weeks gestation (normal is 40 weeks)
:umbrella:Low-birth-weight baby: Less than 5.5 pounds
:umbrella:Small for date: Low-birth-weight, although born at full term
RISKS:
:closed_umbrella:Remain shorter and lighter than their age-mates
:closed_umbrella:Slight delays in learning and problem in attention
:closed_umbrella:Infant mortality: neonates weighing 3.25 to 5.5 are 7 times more likely to die than normal weight infant
:closed_umbrella:Delayed motor development
THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD
after delivery
Baby blues
Cause
Feeling sad after giving birth to children
Don’t like the present of the baby
Symptom
Feeling let down
Crying for no apparent reason
Postpartum depression
Cause
A sudden drop in estrogen
Estrogens is development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Breasts, regulation of the menstrual cycle etc
Symptom
Frequent sadness, crying, restlessness
Changes in appetite
Postpartum psychosis
Cause
History of psychological disorders and/or substance abuse
Symptom
Hallucinations
Severe insomnia
Postpartum anxiety
Cause
Same as postpartum depression
Symptom
Excessive irrational fears
Rapid heart rate, dizziness
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEONATES
HEARING
Fetuses respond to sound well before they are born
Infants prefer their mother’s voices rather than father’s voice/other women
low-pitched voice have a soothing effect
SMELL
Rapid breathing patterns and increased bodily movement to powerful odors
-turn away from unpleasant odors as early as their first day
VISION
Nearsighted: best see objects that 7-9 inches away
By 4month, infants can see most of the colors
TASTE
sensitive to different tastes by looking at their facial expressions
TOUCH
Skin to skin provides feelings of comfort and security
Example: Rooting, sucking, Babinski, grasping, moro effect