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Plant and animal responses (ANIMAL RESPONSES (Navigational techniques…
Plant and animal responses
ANIMAL RESPONSES
Taxes and kenesis
What is taxes?
- movement of a whole organism or cell in response to an external directional stimuli. It can either be
positive
(towards) or
negative
(away)
What is kenesis?
- innate behavioural response of an organism to an external non-directional stimulus
Orthokenesis
- rate of locomotion (speed). In optimal range= movement is slow. Outside optimal= physiological stress= moving faster more rapidly
Klinokenesis
- rate of turning. More physiological stress= more twisting and turning to search for tolerable environment
Navigational techniques
Solar navigation
- use the suns position to navigate. Over long periods the animal must compensate for the movement of the sun and rely on a biological clock or other navigation mechanisms
Earths magnetic field
- angle of the earths magnetic field varies with latitude, the strength of the field helps the animal build a mental map of their territory
Stellar navigation
- travelling at night may orientate to a particular constellation, they move across the sky with time so animals must compensate with internal clock
Landmarks, smells and sounds
- animals may fine-tune their orientation based on familiar landmarks and smells when close to home. Some may even leave pheromone trails to follow back to home
Homing and migration
Biological timing responses
Responses
Sensing the environment
Receptor- detects change and is specialised reaction for specific type of stimulus
Effector- response that causes you to change from a stimulus
Reasons for responding
Favourable conditions---- favourable environment, reduce competition between/within species, avoid being eaten, reproductive purposes
Orientation responses
Photo
- light,
Thermo
- temperature,
gravi/geo
- gravity,
chemo
- chemicals,
thigmo
- touch,
hydro
- water,
rheo
- current,
tropho
- food
What is it?
- - examples of an adaptive behaviour, they contribute directly or indirectly to an individuals survival or reproductive sucess= subject to forces of natural selection
Innate and learned behaviour
Innate behaviour- genetically programmed, individuals inherit a range of physical traits and a suite of behaviours
Heritable
- encoded in DNA
intrinsic
- present in isolated animals
Stereotyped
- performed in the same way by each animal/individual
Inflexible
- not modified by development or experience
Learned behaviour- occurs as a result of experience, new skills acquired through trial and error
Non-inheritable
- observation
Extrinsic
- absent in isolation
Adaptable
- capable of changing to suit changing conditions
Progressive
- subject to improvement or refinement through practice
PLANT RESPONSES
Tropisms
Plant hormones
Nastic responses
Timing responses
Morphology/photosynthesis
INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS
Symbiotic relationships
Exploitation
Competition
Predator/prey stratagies
Patterns of distribution
INTRASPECIFIC RESPONSES
Homing ranges and territories
Hierarchies
Mating systems
Courtship
Reproductive stratagies
Parental care