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Kobe Dunn (11022) Chapter 6-7 (All organisms are made up of cells (nucleus…
Kobe Dunn (11022) Chapter 6-7
All organisms are made up of cells
All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
cells are too small to be seen by the human eye
The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
mitochondria & Chlorplasts
cristae
thylakoids
stroma
plastids
Cells can differ substantially from one another but share common features
cell wall
Cell fractionation
takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
also helps scientist determine function of organelles
prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
features of all cells include: Plasma membrane, cytosol, Chromosomes, & Ribosomes
prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
Eukaryotic have nucleus
plasma membrane
nucleus
contains cells genes
nuclear envelope
nuclear lamina maintains shape of nucleus
chromosomes
chromatin
nucleolus
endomembrane system
consists of:
nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
plasma membrane
smooth ER & Rough ER
smooth ER Synthesizes lipids, Metabolizes carbohydrates, Detoxifies drugs and poisons, & Stores calcium ions
the rough ER secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, & is the membrane factory for the cell
cytoskeleton
microtubules
flagella
cilia
Microscopy
light microscope
In a light microscope), visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
Light microscopes can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen
Magnification
resolution
contrast
Two basic types of electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscopes focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen
Transmission electron microscopes focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
selective permability
when plasma mebrane allows some things to pass through
membrane
phospholipids
Phospholipids form the main fabric of the membrane
Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces
Membranes are held together mainly by weak hydrophobic interactions
Membranes have distinct inside and outside faces
Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in saturated fatty acids
membrane potential
Proteins
Peripheral proteins
integral proteins
Proteins determine most of the membrane’s functions
cell surface proteins
Active & passive transport
diffusion & facilitated diffusion