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Political Ideologies I (Nationalism/ Fascism (National Socialism (racism
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Political Ideologies I
Liberalism
core themes
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justice and equality: equality of opportunity, meritocratic society
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strands
classical liberalism
atomist view of society, natural rights, utilitarianism
economic liberalism, social darwinism
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modern liberalism
social liberalism
positive freedom, developmental model (human flourishing), individuality, economic management
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Socialism
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strands
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EVOLUTIONARY
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: humanization of capital through welfare, mixed economy, social equality
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CLASSICAL MARXISM
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teleological history: four stages, eventually classless society
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history
from late liberalism, utopia, "republic" (Plato)
opposition to industrialization
revolutionary
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Conservatism
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history/ development:
early 19th century, opposition to (French) revolution
e.g. Burke
Oakeshott:
Change/ Innovation/ reasons for being conservative and preserving what is rather than simply seeking adventure and new
Nationalism/ Fascism
National Socialism
racism
racial purity, racial hierarchy and superiority, antisemitism
"founders", "agents" and "destroyers" of culture
struggle and warship, Führercult/ elitism, anti-individualism, anti-capitalism, totalitarianism
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Core themes
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nation and nation-state:
connected by culture etc, right for self-determination and sovereignty --> one nation one country
Fascism
history/ development
ideological, political, economic and geopolitical crisis
rejection of the ideas of enlightenment (rationalism, secularism, progress, universalism, humanism)
ITALY
state as core foundation
creation and definition of the nation by the state, individual subordinate to the state
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history/ development
originally liberal/ progressive: demand for nation and civic participation --> political and civic nationalism (e.g. Rousseau); modernization linked to nationalism
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cf. imperialism, nationalism in former colonies ("new forms" of nationalism)
