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How to Understand Arguments (Discounting (the trick of discounting straw…
How to Understand Arguments
Assure
used in common speech
reflexive
it's talking about yourself
abusive
to get you to agree with them by making a conditional abuse that applies to you only if you don't agree with them
authoritative
cites an authority that the audience shares as an authority with the other person
do not do in the first place
limited time
when
somebody might question it
the audience accepts the authority that is being referred to
too much trouble
Discounting
Citing the possible objection in order to reject it or count it
Discounting words
For example
Although
1.They assert two claims
3.They emphasize one of the claims
2.They contrast those two claims
Still
It's when you use the word still at the beginning of the sentence
But
use them in order to head off objections
you can defend your premises
protect your premises and avoid the skeptical regress by discounting the kinds of objections,
the trick of discounting straw people
The arguer discounts easy objections to make people forget to think about the more difficult objection
You can combine this trick of discounting straw people
Using discounting terms along with guarding terms and also assuring terms
Guarding
Purpose
Making the premises weaker
Show the opponents that they’re false
so that your point will be hard to deny
How
Extend
Probability
Mental
Decrease the level of our words
All
Most
Many
Some
A problem for argument
skeptical regress problem
is justified by the last claim, and they just move in a circle.
there's no end, so you never have a premise
backed up by another argument, and so on and so on.
to solve the probiem
guarding
stopping the skeptical regress, and building common assumptions, with the people you're talking to
discounting
assuring
Evaluation
Good/Bad(general words)
Meet the stander/violate the stander
When it's openly and literally
Way of using words
Positive words with negative words
Good meaning
Positive words with positive words
won't be better
express our own feeling
Don't need to give a reason
Avoided skeptical regress
without having reason for the evaluation
Slanting
Ee