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cognition ( thinking) (mental images (mental representations that stands…

- - - - IQ= mental age/ chronological age X 100
        
        now uses age- group comparison norms as the Wechsler does
        
        allow testers to compare intelligence levels of people from different ages of groups
  - - - 3 versions for different age groups
        
        WAIS (adult)
        
        WPPSI ( preschool and primary )
        
        WISC ( children)
- - - - the process of giving a test to a large group of people that represents kind of people for whom the test designed
  - - - scores from the standardization group
  - - - the tendency of the test to produce the same scores again and again each time, it is given to the same people
    - - the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure
  - - - cultural bias
        
        people are not creating IQ tests in a vacuum
        
        their cultures and backgrounds can influence them in ways they are not even aware of
        
        test-writers have their own cultures and back grounds
        
        example: which one of the flooring 5 words Is least like the other four?
        DOG - CAR- FISH - BIRD - CAT
        American Test- writer : CAR ( not an animal)
        Japanese child : Fish ( found in sea)
        
        it is virtually impossible to create an IQ test that is completely free of cultural bias( or socioeconomic bias)
- - - - biological
        
        fragile X syndrome
        
        fetal alcohol syndrome
        
        down syndrome
      - environmental
        
        toxins such as lead o mercury
        
        poverty
  - - - awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions, self- motivation, empathy and social skills
      - may be related to traditional intelligence but data is still being collected
    - - identical twins reared together show correlation of 0.86 between their IQs
        
        correlation is not 1.00 so environment also play a part
      - heritability estimates apply within groups of people, not between groups not to individuals and only in a general sense
        
        currently heritability estimate is about 0.50
        
        heritability = degree to which observed variation in some trait within a population can be considered due to genetic influences
        
        only applies to variation within a group of people
        
        doesn't apply to individual people
  - - - IQ > 130 ( 2SD above mean)
      - IQ > 140 are called geniuses
    - - typically grow up to be well- adjusted adults except when pushed to achieve at younger and younger ages
      - extreme genesis may experience social and behavioral adjustment issues as children
- - - - implied casual relationship about race, intelligence, and socioeconomic status
    - - assumed that IQ is the same thing as intelligence
      - ignored cultural and environmental factors
      - fundamentally misunderstood heritability
- - - - carry a journal to write down ideas as they occur or a recorder to capture those same ideas or thoughts
    - - write down or record everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is written or recorded in some way. organize it later.
    - - generate as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without judging each idea's merits until all ideas are recorded
    - - start with a central idea and draw a "map" with lines from the center to other related ideas, forming a visual representation of concepts and their connections.
- - - - believed reason, logic, and knowledge were all different aspects of intelligence
        
        and there were still more aspects and abilities still
      - started with seven then added 2 more
        
        verbal/linguistic
        
        ability to use language
        
        musical
        
        ability to compose and perform music
        
        visual/ spatial
        
        ability to understand how objects are oriented in the space
        
        logical/ mathematical
        
        ability to think logically to solve mathematical problems
        
        intrapersonal
        
        understanding of one's emotions and how they guide actions
        
        movement
        
        ability to control one's body motions
        
        naturalist
        
        ability to recognize the patterns found in nature
        
        interpersonal
        
        sensitivity to others and understanding motivation of others
        
        existentialist
        
        ability to see big picture of human world by asking questions about life, death, and the ultimate reality of human existance
  - - - creative
        
        the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
      - practical
        
        the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful; " street smarts"
      - analytical
        
        the ability to break problems down into component parts or analysis for problem solving
  - - - g factor
        
        general intelligence
        
        ability to reason and solve problems
      - s factor
        
        specific intelligence
        
        ability to excel in some certain areas
  - - - represents acquired knowledge and skills
    - - problem solving and adaptability in unfamiliar situation
- - - - taking turns
      - use of gestures
      - different ways of speaking to different people