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Cognition (How People Think (Concepts (are represented by prototypes, best…

- - - - vary according to personal experience knowledge and culture
  - - - Algorithms
        
        specific step by step procedures
        
        always result in correct solution if there is one
      - Heuristics
        
        educated guesses based on prior experience
        
        generally faster than algorithms but will not always lead to correct solution
        
        simple rules intended to apply to many situations
      - Trial and Error
        
        trying a solution after another until one works
    - - "aha" moments when solutions seems to appear in a flash
      - usually based on reorganization of information
    - - solutions to problems are not always apparent
      - problems can be caused by three common barriers
        
        Functional Fixedness: only thinking about objects in terms of their typical uses
        
        Mental Set: a tendency to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked in the past
        
        Confirmation Bias:
  - - - as opposed to seeing actual images cortical areas associated with stored knowledge send information to visual cortex
  - - - less prone to common barriers of problem solving
      - can be simulated
- - - - are the smallest units of meaning in a language
    - - is a system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences
    - - basic units of sound in a language
    - - are rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
    - - system of rules governing structure and use of language through language acquisition device
    - - has to do with the practical aspects of communicating with others
  - - - cooing babbling, one word speeches, telegraphic speech and whole sentences
  - - - words people use determine the way they think about the world; originally proposed by sapir and whorf may apply more to higher level concepts
      - suggests that some concepts are universal and influence the development of language
    - - all animals can communicate, their use of language is still under investigation
      - some success may approach levels of 3 year old human, no conclusive evidence of syntax mastery
    - - piaget believed that language help develop concepts and helps the child learn to control behavior
      - vgotsky believed that language helps develop concepts and helps the child learn to control behavior
      - relationship has been debated