Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapter 6-7 (endomembrane system (lysosome (membranous sac of hydrolytic…

- - - - Modifies products of the ER
      - Manufactures certain macromolecules
      - Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
  - - - lacks ribosomes
        
        detoxifies drugs and poisons
        
        metabolizes carbohydrates
        
        stores calcium ions
        
        synthesis lipids
    - - surface studded with ribosomes
        
        Distributes transport vesicles
        
        Is a membrane factory for the cell
        
        Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
  - - - food vacuole
      - contractile vacuole
      - central vacuole
- - - - hydrophobic molecules
        
        hydrocarbons, can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly
      - hydrophilic molecules
        
        ions and polar molecules do not cross the membrane easily
  - - - containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
    - - proteins determine most of the membrnes functions
        
        peripheral protein
        
        bound to the surface of the membrane
        
        integral proteins
        
        penetrate the hydrophobic core
        
        proteins that span the membrane are called transmembrane proteins
  - - - may be covalently bonded to lipids
        
        glycolipids
      - more commonly, to proteins
        
        glycoproteins
  - - - transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell
    - - the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
        
        Pinocytosis
        
        cellular drinking
        
        molecules dissolved in droplets are taken up when extracellular fluid is “gulped” into tiny vesicles
        
        Receptor-mediated endocytosis
        
        binding of specific solutes to receptors triggers vesicle formation
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        cellular eating
        
        cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole
- - - - aquaporins
        
        facilitate the diffusion of water
  - - - concentration gradient
        
        region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases
    - - diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
        
        hypertonic
        
        Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell
        
        hypotonic
        
        Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell
        
        Isotonic
        
        Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
        
        osmoregulation
        
        the control of solute concentrations and water balance, is a necessary adaptation for life in such environments
        
        tonicity
        
        ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
    - - transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
      - ion channels
        
        faciliate the transport of ions
        
        gated channels
  - - - all proteins involve are called carrier proteins
    - - transport protein that is energized by transfer of a phosphate group from the hydrolysis of ATP
        
        membrane potential
        
        voltage across a membrane
        
        electrochemical gradient
        
        drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane
    - - when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
  - - - proton pump
- - - - electron microscopy
        
        are used to study subcellular structures
        
        Scanning microscopy
        
        focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D
        
        Transmission microscopy
        
        focus a beam of electrons through a specimenstudy the internal structure of cells
      - light microscopy
        
        visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
      - Three important parameters
        
        Resolution
        
        Contrast
        
        magnification
    - - motor proteins
        
        three main parts
        
        microfilaments
        
        thinnest component also called actin fillaments
        
        form a cortex
        
        myosin
        
        pseudopodia
        
        cytoplasmic streaming
        
        intermediate filaments
        
        fibers with diameters in a middle range
        
        support cell shape and fix organelles in place
        
        microtubules
        
        thickest components
        
        Guiding movement of organelles
        
        shaping the cell
        
        Separating chromosomes during cell division
        
        flagella
        
        cilia
        
        basal body
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
  - - - complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
        
        carry out protein synthesis
        
        cytosol
        
        On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
    - - selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
        
        surface area to volume ratio
        
        facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment
      - makes proteins
  - - - ATP
        
        endosymbiont theory
        
        similarirties with bacteria
      - cristae
        
        mitochondria matrix
    - - Photosynthesis
      - thylakoids
        
        granum
        
        stroma
      - plastids
  - - - Prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes also have cell walls
        
        multiple layers
        
        primary cell wall
        
        middle lamella
        
        secondary cell wall
    - - turgid
        
        flaccid
        
        plasmolysis
- - - - Plasmodesmata
    - - centrosome
        
        centrioles
      - extracellular matrix
        
        proteoglycans
        
        fibronectin
        
        collagen
        
        ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
      - Three types of cell junctions
        
        desmosomes
        
        gap junctions
        
        tight junction
    - - membrane bound organelles
      - cytoplasma
      - nucleus
        
        contains most of DNA
        
        nuclear envelope
        
        encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
        
        double membrane,consists of a lipid bilayer
        
        nuclear lamina
        
        composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus
        
        discrete units
        
        chromosomes
        
        chromatin
        
        condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide
        
        nucleolus
        
        located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
  - - - nucleoid
      - no membrane bound organelles
      - no nucleus
      - cytoplasma