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ONCOLOGY ((tumour stage (T (Extent of primary tumor), T0 (No evidence of…

- - - - Extent of primary tumor
    - - No evidence of primary tumor
    - - Progressive increase in the size of the tumour
    - - Carcinoma in situ
    - - Primary tumor cannot be assesed
  - - - Regional lymph nodes cannot be clinically assesed
    - - No abnormality of regional nodes and no metastases
    - - Regional lymph nodes demonstrate increasing degrees of abnormality
    - - Used to indicate the basnce of metastases
    - - May indicate metastases in nodes
  - - - No evidence of metastases
    - - Presence of distant metastases cannot be assessed
    - - Ascending degrees of metastases present, include metastases to distant lymph nodes
  - - - Tumour grade is the description of a tumour based on how abnormal the tumour cells and the tumour tissue look under a microscope. It is an indicator on how quickly a tumour is likely to grow and spread
    - - Cancer stage refers to the size and extent(reach) of the original (primary) tumour and whether or not cancer cells have spread in he body
- - - - The suspected area usually located through radiological imaging
      - Special needle used to obtain a small core of tissue
      - Aspiration of some tissue fragment from the tumour
    - - Pap smear is a valuable test
      - Was developed for early detection of cervical cancer
    - - The entire tumour and surrounding marginal tissue are removed
      - Thereby decreasing the danger of disseminating the cancer cells to surrounding tissues
      - Is done when the tumours are accessible
    - - Direct visualisation of tumour can be done using an endoscope
      - It can be used to visualise the larynx, bronchi, oesophagus, stomach, colon, sigmoid, rectum and bladder
      - A biopsy can be taken at the same time by using biting forceps, which can be passed through the endoscope
    - - Can be done to detect the presence of tumours in the pelvic area, prostate or other parts of the body
      - This technique is advantageous that it allows for detection of growths without exposure to radiation
      - It also non-invasive
    - - Also used to detect, localise and stage malignancies of the central nervous system, the spine, head and neck as well as the musculoskeletal system
      - MRI can be used to identify abnormalities by creating sectional images of the body without use of contrast dyes or radiation
    - - Bone malignancies can also be detected by using x-ray examination
      - Are used especially to detect tumours that are causing obstruction in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and renal tract
    - - Blood and plasma evaluations are done in the diagnosis and assessment of malignancy involving the bone marrow
      - Serologic tests can be used to detects certain types of malignancy e.g cancer of prostate
    - - Radioactive isotopes and compounds are used in diagnosing some cancers such as iodine in thyroid diseases.
      - It is used as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic agent