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Nervous system (Lecture 2 (Diseases of the Nervous System (Cerebral Palsy-…
Nervous system
Lecture 2
Central Nervous System
Cerebellum – Located below the back of the cerebrum. Responsible for muscle coordination, balance, posture and muscle tone.
Diencephalon –Located between the cerebrum and midbrain. Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Thalamus acts as a relay center and directs sensory impulses.
Hypothalamus regulates and controls the ANS, temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, and emotions (fear, anger, pain, pleasure, and affection)
Midbrain– Located below cerebrum at top of brain stem. Conducts impulses between brain parts for eye and auditory reflexes.
Pons– Located below midbrain and in brain stem. Responsible for certain reflexes such as chewing, tasting, respiration and saliva production.
Medulla oblongata– Lowest part of brain and connects with the spinal cord. Responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing and blood pressure.
Spinal Cord
Extends from medulla oblongata to 1st or 2nd lumbar.
Surrounded by vertebrae for protection.
Responsible for reflex actions and carrying sensory and motor messages to the brain.
Meninges
3 membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater- thick, tough outer layer
Archnoid mater- delicate, web-like middle layer
Pia mater - inner layer, nourishes the nerve tissue
The brain has 4 ventricles that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid which continually circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
The CSF serves as a shock absorber for protection and it also carries nutrients to these parts to nourish and help remove wastes.
Peripheral Nervous System consists of the Somatic and Autonomic NS.
The Somatic NS consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerve and their branches
Cranial nerves are responsible for sight hearing, taste smell &sensations.
Spinal nerves carry messages to and from spinal cord.
Autonomic Nervous System
Important part of the Peripheral Nervous System. Helps to maintain balance in the involuntary functions of body and allows the body to react in times of an emergency.
Two divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic They work together to maintain a balanced state or homeostasis.
Sympathetic is responsible for the fight or flight response which allows the body to react in time of emergency by increasing heart rate, respiration and blood pressure and slows activity in digestive tract.
Parasympathetic after emergency, counteracts and then decreases P,R and BP and increases digestion.
Diseases of the Nervous System
Cerebral Palsy- Caused by brain damage where there is a disturbance in voluntary muscle function. Symptoms include tense muscles, seizures, spasms, speech impairment and sometimes mental retardation. No cure!
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)-also called stroke. Caused by impairment of blood flow and lack of O2 to the brain or hemorrhage. Symptoms are weakness of extremities, incontinence, dizziness, dysphagia, visual problems, confusion and aphasia. Treatment with TPA(tissue plasminogen activator) can dissolve the clot and restore blood flow if done within a few hours of CVA.
Encephalitis-Caused by an inflammation of the brain by a virus, bacteria or chemical. Frequently contracted by a mosquito bite.Symptoms vary but include fever, weakness, coma headaches, stiff neck and back, vomiting and seizures.Treatment includes support and antiviral drugs.
Epilepsy-or seizure syndrome is a brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses. Causes include brain injury, tumors, toxins, infections and trauma at birth. Symptoms vary from mild tremors, to grand mals and loss of consciousness.Treatment is anticonvulsant medication.
Hydrocephalus-an excessive amount of CSF in the brain. Head will be much larger and often have mental retardation.Treatment is a shunt to drain excessive fluid.
Meningitis-inflam.of the meninges of brain/spinal cord.Symptoms-high fever, headache, back and neck pain, stiffness, confused, coma and possible death.Treatment with antibiotics, anticonvulsants and pain meds
Multiple Sclerosis-chronic disabling conditioning in the degeneration of the myelin sheath in the CNS. Usually occurs between the ages of 20-40.Cause is unknown.Symptoms are visual problems, weakness, fatigue, poor coordination and numbness. There is no cure!
Neuralgia-is nerve pain caused by inflammation, toxins or diseases. Treatment is to eliminate the cause of pain.
Paralysis-usually results from brain or spinal cord injury. Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower part of body, Quadriplegia is arms, legs and body below injury of spinal cord and Hemiplegia is one side of body. There is no cure.
Parkinson’s Disease-progressive degeneration of the brain cells. Symptoms include tremors, stiffness, shuffling gait, behavior changes etc. No cure.
Shingles- or Herpes Zoster is an acute inflammation of nerve cells caused by the herpes virus which also causes chickenpox. Symptoms are fluid filled areas, pain, redness, itching and fever. Lasts 1-4 weeks. Treat pain and itching.
Lecture 1
Nervous System…
Is a highly organized system
Coordinates all of the many activities of the body
Allows body to respond and adapt to changes that occur both inside and outside the body
Neurons
Also called the nerve cell
Basic structural unit of the nervous system
Parts of Neuron
Cell Body-contains the nucleus
Dendrites- nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the body
Axon- a single nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the cell
Synapse- space between an axon and another neuron, where the impulse must jump to carry on the message being transmitted
Neurotransmitters at the end of axon, special chemical messengers that allows impulse to jump to next neuron
Myelin Sheath-fat covering on axon that insulates and increases rate of transmission
Nerves
Combination of many nerve fibers
Located outside the brain and spinal cord
Afferent- carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord
Efferent-carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Consists of:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Made of Nerves
Divides into Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Brain - mass of nerve tissue
Cerebrum-Largest and highest
part of brain.
-Outer part arranged in folds called convolutions.
-Separated in 2 lobes.
-Lobes include the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.
-Responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, sight, speech, hearing, and voluntary body movement.