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Elizabeth I (Religion (Act of Supremacy 1559 (Removed the Pope as head of…

- - - - Accepted the structure of the Church but wanted reform of doctrine and practices
      - A group of clergymen disagreed with the retention of vestments from Mary's reign under the act of uniformity leading to the publication of the Book of Advertisements in 1566. When the clergymen refused to conform they were stripped of their position
    - - Called for thorough reform of the structure of the church and the simplification of the faith and ritual in line with Calvinist ideas
      - They voiced their ideas on 2 important pamphlets, known as Admonitions which attacked Elizabeth's 1559 book of Common Prayer
      - They also argued that religion should be handled by national assemblies and committees rather than a strict hierarchy of command this was debated by Parliament but was rejected
      - Elizabeth was against that kind of reform as it would challenge her position as the Supreme Governor and in response to the treat passed the act of 39 articles which all members of the clergy had to accept before they were granted a position in the church
    - - Broke away from the church to pursue a more radical Protestant reform
      - Believed that the bible was the sole source of religious teaching and thought that the church was incapable of rooting up any Popish practices and superstitions
- - - - The presence chamber: Anyone with the right status and connections could enter here (Relatively open)
      - The privy chamber: Was both more private and more important. It was heavily guarded and entrance was difficult to attain
  - - - To enforce the religious settlement of 1559 using the JP's to investigate the compliance of certain individuals eg overseeing the laws against Catholics
      - To oversee arrangements regarding national defense by supervising the operation of trained bands and individual counties and serving as Lord lieutenants to monitor JP's make sure the armies were being trained in specific counties
      - To enforce a range of laws and regulations regarding issues such as lawlessness, vagrancy, prices and wages
      - To manage crown finances with the Lord Treasurer and the Chancellor of the Exchequer
      - To discuss matters of State and offer policy advice arising from those discussions to the Queen
  - - - He was a loyal supporter of Elizabeth and monitored the polices put forward by William Cecil and Francis Walsingham closely once he had been elected into the House of Commons
      - Once Walsingham had died he became a much more prominent figure in the privy council and rivaled Robert Devereux
      - In the last years of Elizabeth's reign he enter secret negotiations with James VI of Scotland who was the strongest claimant to the English throne but Elizabeth would not acknowledge him as heir
    - - Was supposed to be the son of Robert Dudley
      - He became ward to the queen and was educated in French and Latin which he soon became fluent in
      - Was taken in by William Cecil and was raised with Cecil's own older son
      - He met with the Queen in order to weaken the power of his fathers main rival Sir Walter Raleigh which worked and they were soon inseparable as she was impressed with his gaiety, wit and high spirits
      - In her later years Elizabeth would dance with no one else and insisted that he went hunting with her
    - - He came to Elizabeth's attention through a play he was performing
      - Hatton was loyal to Elizabeth in Parliamentary debates
      - He was appointed to the privy council and was involved in the negotiation of Queen Elizabeth to the Duke of Alencon. Personally he disagreed but did agree to the marriage if it pleased her
      - In May 1587 was made Lord Chancellor
    - - Dudley emerged as one of Elizabeth's leading advisers and was given the position of Master of the Horse making him the only man in England legally allowed to touch the Queen
      - Dudley was a similar age to Elizabeth and it quickly became apparent that Elizabeth preferred Dudley's company over everyone elses
      - Elizabeth was very close to Dudley and their relationship defined his life as Elizabeth was very emotionally dependent on Dudley
      - Rumors were spread about their relationship for example Elizabeth was waiting for Dudley's wife to die so she could marry him
      - It was rumored that he had killed his wife when she was found at the foot of the staircase with a broken neck in 1560. Dudley opted to stay in London and stem any accusations that he was involved . He also did not want his relationship with Elizabeth had driven her to take her own life for the sake of both their reputations as suicide was a grave sin and it would look like he had been depriving his wife of any love and affection which would have halted any possibility of him marrying Elizabeth
      - When Elizabeth fell ill with smallpox in 1562 she named him as protector of the realm
      - In 1565 Elizabeth gave more land and grants to Dudley as was also made an Earl and was a leading figure in the privy council
    - - He was suspected of being involved in the Lady Jane Grey uprising but it was never proven
      - He returned to England once Elizabeth had become Queen in 1558
      - He disagreed with Elizabeth's view on religion and spoke about it but never made any attempt to go against Elizabeth in any way.
      - He was given money and set up a spy network in Europe that was extremely efficient and was put in charge of the security of the monarch a title which he fulfilled very well
      - He was aware of many spies in England and in some cases converted them to Elizabeth's cause to work as double agents
      - Francis was aware of many plots to either remove Elizabeth from power or damage her royal authority and successfully prevented any from happening
      - To keep his spy network running smoothly he established a spy-school where he taught cipher, forgery and taught agents field work
    - - Under Edward he became Somerset's private secretary and under Elizabeth he came her secretary of state
      - He took control of all public business and was the center of all public doings. It was stated that nothing would be done in which his voice had not been heard
      - Cecil was loyal and once Elizabeth had made a decision even if he disagreed he would follow it until it was done which is why he served Elizabeth for nearly over 40 years and was one of her most trusted advisers
      - When the prospect of peace and an alliance with Scotland came about Cecil was adamant that it should be done and even threatened to resign in order to persuade her. Which succeed.
      - Due to the revolt against Mary Queen of Scots Scotland turned Protestant and allied with England under the Treat of Edinburgh in 1560 meaning England was more secure against France
      - Cecil provide Francis Walsingham with money to finance and set up England's first counter-intelligence organisation as Cecil feared that Elizabeth could potentially be overthrown.
      - Cecil was elevated to Baron Burghley in 1571 and in 1572 he was appointed Lord Treasurer as well. Meaning he was a Baron, Secretary of State and Lord Treasurer
- - - - Causes
        
        It was triggered by the summoning of Northumberland to Elizabeth's court as word had got out that he was plotting to marry Mary Queen of Scots to take the throne with her when Elizabeth eventually died
        
        Religion played a part as Elizabeth sent James Pilkington who was a radical reformer in a Conservative North so tensions rose when he began to enforce the settlement eg. He removed statues that had survived the initial iconoclasm
        
        Local factors also played a part as the Earls of the North felt dishonor as they had been excluded from the Northern council so had no influence over the royal court anymore
        
        Feudal loyalties as many of the commoners were loyal to the nobles they were under so felt honor bound to fight for them
        
        Confusion about the modernization of government
      - Successes
        
        They rebels took Durham in November 1569 and then the month later in December 1569 took the crown stronghold of Barnard Castle which had never been done before
      - Failures
        
        After the rebels had seized Durham they moved South but did not capture York which was poorly defended and would have made the rebellion more dangerous as they would have control of 2 of the main cities in the North
        
        The rebellion was led by very inexperienced nobles
        
        They hoped that the Spanish fleet would help them out once they had captured Barnard Castle but it never came
        
        Upon hearing the royal forces were on approach the Earls largely disbanded their troops as they only had 4500-6000 against Elizabeth's 22000
        
        Decisive action from the authorities as MQS was put somewhere safer and an army was raised quickly to deal with the rebels
        
        Other than the Earl of Northumberland, Earl of the Westmorland and the Duke of Norfolk it had little to no support from the nobility
      - 66 rebels were executed in Durham and York
      - 600 rebels were executed on mass on order of Elizabeth although 100 were not carried out
      - Northumberland's head was displayed on a pole for 2 years after he was executed in 1572
  - - - Faction rivalry as Essex was Elizabeth's favorite but was acting with increased arrogance and impatience at her policies and creating enemies in court
      - His failures in Ireland when he was sent over in 1599 to repress the Catholic rebels. Instead signed a truce with the rebels and knighted 38 of his captains against Elizabeth's direct orders so was charged with treason when he returned
      - Instead of being executed he was placed under house arrest where his hatred from Lord Burghley grew
      - Loss of Monopoly and favor. Elizabeth denied Essex his positions in government and his monopoly of sweet wines that cost him £50,000 and almost made him bankrupt
      - Competition between councilors, Essex blamed Cecil for his position and met with Jame VI of Scotland to plot a coup, and replace Cecil
    - - Essex was incompitant and actually believed that Elizabeth would be forced into making him the Lord Chancellor