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Approaches summary pt.1 (The Origins Of Psychology (Wilhelm Wundt…
Approaches summary pt.1
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The behaviorist approach
Classical conditioning
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Involves pairing of NS with UCS so that eventually NS becomes CS, capable of eliciting a CR.
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Spontaneous recovery - CS +UCS paired again, link made more quickly
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Operant conditioning
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Continuous reinforcement effective for establishing a behaviour, partial reinforcement for maintaining it.
Adding unpleasant consequence, or removing pleasant stimulus = punishment
Evaluation
Strengths of classical conditioning explanations include development of development of treatments for reduction of anxiety
Limitations, e.g. different species have different capabilities to learn through classical conditioning.
Strengths, of operant conditioning, e.g. reliance on the experimental method
Limitations, e.g. much of Skinner's work was non-human animals, excluding possibility of human free will.
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Social Learning Theory
Social Learning theory (Bandura, 1986)
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Key determinants: (i) characteristics of the model; (ii) observer's ability to perform the behaviour; (iii) its observed consequences
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Vicarious reinforcement - individuals learn about the likely consequences of behaviour by observing others
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Key Study (Bandura et al., 1961)
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Evaluation
Strengths of SLT, e.g. understanding of criminal behaviour (Ulrich).
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Limitations, e.g. criticism of view of criminal behaviour due to exposure to deviant models (Siegel and McCormick).
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Identification has been shown to be important in social learning (e.g. Andsager study on health campaigns).
The Cognitive Approach
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Evaluation
Strengths: cognitive approach has applications, e,g, cognitive approach to psychopathology
Cognitive approach is scientific, i.e, it uses the scientific method
Limitations: there are many differences between computer processing and human processing, e.g. computers do not make mistakes
The cognitive approach ignores emotion and motivation, irrelevant to a computer but not to a human
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