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Russian Civil War (Overview (Reds in a stronger (centred and concentrated,…

- - - - ex-tsarist commanders, Kadets, some SRs and right-wing political organisations
      - often clashed with each other
        
        e.g. in June 1918, Victor Chernov set up an SR government in Samara. Admiral Kolchak clashed with Chernov
- - - - but had existed since July
- - - - Communist revolutions had failed in Germany and Hungary (1919-1920)
- - - - some wanted to restore the Tsar
      - others wanted to set up a Republic or Military dictatorship
    - - White commanders had their forces spread over thousands of miles- they filed to link up
      - the nearer they got to Moscow, the more strained communication became
  - - - united behind Lenin
      - shared Lenin's ideology
    - - Lenin
        
        able to push through controversial but necessary politics
        
        e.g. reintroducing one-man management in the factories
        
        employing ex-Tsarist officers into the Red army
      - Trotsky
      - were ruthless and pragmatic
    - - communists were defending a central region
        
        which was well served by railways
      - the heartland of the Russian state - around Petrograd and Moscow
      - their opposition were restricted to the periphery amidst competing political and ethnic interests
    - - enabled them to attract and keep mass (if not majority) support
    - - Red Army
      - Cheka
- - - - with the hope of being awarded an independent Czech state
- - - - requested that President Wilson provide American soldiers for the campaign
        
        July 1918, Wilson agreed to the limited participation of 5,000 US Army troops in the campaign
        
        against the advice of the US Department of War,
        
        knowns at the 'American North Russia Expeditionary Force (AKA the Polar Bear Expedition)
        
        sent to Arkhangelsk
        
        a further 8,000 soldiers were in the American Expeditionary Force Siberia
        
        shipped to Vladivostok from the Philippines and from Camp Fremont in California
- - - - to stop industrial workers from moving to the countryside
    - - Trotsky wanted to tighten control and even create a labour army under military discipline
        
        Lenin overruled him
      - nationalism of industry saw a return to one-man management in place of worker's councils
    - - food
        
        rationing introduced
        
        Zinoviev: they were given 'just enough bread so as to not forget the smell of it'
        
        biggest rations went to Red Army soldiers and worker in heavy industry
        
        next were the civil servants and workers in light industry
        
        then were the capitalists, landlords and middle classes (at the bottom)
        
        requisitioned from peasantry by the state
        
        in practice, requisitioning meant the straightforward theft of grain
        
        Food brigades sent out from towns to extract grain from the peasantry
        
        where necessary, the Red Army and Cheka were also used
      - nationalised industries operated under the overall supervision of the Supreme council of National Economy (Vesenkha)
        
        Vesenkha had been formed in December 1917
  - - - took the majority of resources
        
        70% of shoes
        
        60% of food
    - - economic crisis was equally as bad in white controlled areas
      - by 1921
        
        industrial production had fallen to 20% of the 1913 level
        
        grain harvest was 50% of the 1913 level
    - - therefore, they reduced their sowing
        
        led to a terrible food shortage
        
        led to large-scale migration from the cities
        
        1917-1920, urban population fell by 33%
  - - - trade was by barter
      - instead wages were paid in food and fuel
    - - most had been placed under workers' control in the months after the revolution (usually with disastrous results)
- - - - Red Army then pushed them out and invaded Poland
        
        Lenin anticipated Communist revolt in Poland - it did not happen
        
        Red Army withdrew and the Treaty of Riga was signed in March 1921