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LEARNING THEORIES AND LAW :star: (BEHAVIORISM (FOCUS: Proper response to…
LEARNING THEORIES AND LAW
:star:
BEHAVIORISM
FOCUS:
Proper response to give a stimulus
LEARNERS:
Reactive
TYPE OF LEARNING:
Basic definitions and explanations of concept, generalization and recall.
EXAMPLES:
Facilitate learning through assessments that allow practice.
COGNITIVISM
FOCUS:
Processing of information like how the learner organizes new information within preexisting schema
LEARNER:
Proactive
TYPE OF LEARNING:
Higher-level reasoning and information processing
EXAMPLES:
Corrective feedback,learning strategies like analogy, metaphor, concept mapping, remove irrelevant information.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
FOCUS:
The learner interprets the new information and applies to their own reality.
LEARNER:
Proactive
TYPE OF LEARNING:
Higher-level problem solving and critical analysis
EXAMPLES:
Apprentices, clinic, collaborative learning. Its encourage application of new knowledge in a variety of contexts and perspectives.
FIVE DEFINITIVE QUESTIONS THAT SERVE TO DISTINGUISH EACH LEARNING THEORY
BEHAVIORISM
HOW DOES THE LEARNING OCCUR?
:thinking_face:
The learner is characterized as being reactive to conditions in the environment as opposed to taking an active role in discovering the environment.
WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE LEARNING?
:female-student::skin-tone-2:
Behaviorists assess the learners to determine at what point to begin instruction as well as to determine which reinforces are most effective for a particular student.
WHAT ARE THE ROLE OF MEMORY?
:memo:
The acquisition of “habits” is discussed, little attention is given as to how these habits are stored or recalled for future use. Forgetting is attributed to the “non-use” of a response over time.
HOW DOES TRANSFER OCCUR?
:inbox_tray:
Transfer is a result of generalization. Situations involving identical or similar features allow behaviors to transfer across common elements.
WHAT TYPE OF LEARNING ARE BEST IN EXPLAINED BY THIS POSITION?
:bulb:
These prescriptions have generally been proven reliable and effective in facilitating learning that involves discrimination's (recalling facts), generalizations (defining and illustrating concepts), associations (applying explanations), and chaining (automatically performing a specified procedure).
COGNITIVISM
HOW DOES LEARNING OCCUR?
:thinking_face: Conceptualization of students learning processes and address the issues of how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind. Learning is concerned not so much with what learners do but with what they know and how they come to acquire it.
Jonassen, 1991b
WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE LEARNING?
:female-student::skin-tone-2:
The mental activities of the learner that lead up to a response and acknowledges the processes mental planning, goal-setting, and organizational strategies (Shuell, 1986). The real focus of the cognitive approach is on changing the learner by encouraging him/her to use appropriate learning strategies.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF MEMORY?
:memo:
Learning result when information is stored in memory in an organized, meaningful manner. Teacher/designers are responsible for assisting learners in organizing that information in some optimal way. Use techniques such as advance organizers, analogies, hierarchical relationship, and matrics to help learners relate new information.
HOW DOES TRANSFER OCCUR?
:inbox_tray:
Transfer is function of how information stored in memory (Schunk, 1991). When learner understands how to apply knowledge in different contexts, then transfer has occurred.
WHAT TYPE OF LEARNING ARE BEST EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY?
:bulb:
Explaining complex forms of learning (reasoning, problem-solving, information-processing) than are those of more behavioral perspectives.
CONTRUCTIVISM
HOW DOES LEARNING OCCUR?
:thinking_face:
Psychologist think of the mind as a reference tool to the real world; constructivists believe that the mind filters input form the world to produce its own unique reality (Jonassen, 1991a). It constantly open to change; there is not an objectives reality that learners strive to know.
WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE LEARNING?
:female-student::skin-tone-2:
Learning occur in realistic setting and that the selected learning task be relevant to the students' lived experience.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE MEMORY?
:memo:
Mental representations developed through task-engagement are likely to increase the efficiency with which subsequent tasks are performed to the extent that parts of the environment remain the same. Memory is not a context-independent process.
HOW DOES TRANSFER OCCUR?
:inbox_tray:
The ultimate measure of learning is based on how effective the learner's knowledge structure is in facilitating thinking and performing in the system in which those tools are used.
WHAT TYPE OF LEARNING ARE BEST EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY?
:bulb:
"The role of instruction in the constructivist views is to show students how to construct knowledge, to promote collaboration with others to show the multiple perspectives that can be brought to bear on a particular problem, and to arrive at self-chosen positions to which they can commit themselves, while realizing the basic of other views with which they may disagree" (Cunning, 1991, p.14)