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LEARNING THEORIES (Cognitivism (How the learner organizes new information…
LEARNING THEORIES
Cognitivism
- How the learner organizes new information within preexisting schema
- Proactive learner
- higher-level reasoning and info processing
eg: corrective feedback, concept mapping,
learning strategies like analogy
Connectivism
- a learning theory that explains how internet technologies have created new opportunities for people to learn share info
- proactive learner
- seek out info on their own online and express what they find
eg: open online course
Constructivism
- how the learner interprets the new info
and applies to their reality
- proactive learner
- higher-level problem solving and critical analysis
eg: apprenticeships, collaborative learning
Behaviorism
- Proper response to a given stimulus
- Reactive learner
- basic definition and explanation of concept
eg: pre-tests, comprehension checks,
repetition
5 definitive question
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Cognitivism
HOW DOES THE LEARNING OCCUR?
- focus on the conceptualize of students` learning processes and address the issues of how information is received, organized, stored and retrieved by the mind. Learning is concern not so much with what learners do but with what they know and how they come to acquire it.
HOW DOES TRANSFER OCCUR?
- when the learner understands how to apply knowledge in different contexts, then transfer has occured. Not only must the knowledge itself be stored in memory, but the uses of that knowledge as well
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE MEMORY?
- info is stored in memory in an organized, meaningful manner. Designers are responsible for assisting learners in organizing that info in some optimal way. Advance organizers, analogies, hierarchical relationships, and matrices help learners relate new info to prior knowledge.
WHAT TYPES OF LEARNING ARE BEST EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY?
- are usually considered more appropriate for explaining complex forms of learning (reasoning, problem-solving) than are those of a more behavioral perspective. Simplification and standardization is knowledge can be analyzed, decomposed and simplified into basic building blocks.
WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE LEARNING?
- instructional explanations, demonstrations, illustrative examples and matches non examples are all considered to be instrumental in guiding student learning. Similarly, emphasis is place the role of practice with corrective feedback.
BEHAVIORISM
HOW DOES THE LEARNING OCCUR?
- The stimulus, the response and the association between the two. Of primary concern is how the association between the stimulus and response is made, strengthened and maintained.
HOW DOES THE TRANSFER OCCUR?
- transfer is a result of generalization. Situations involving identical or similar features allow behavior to transfer across common elements.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE MEMORY?
- forgetting is attributed to the "nonuse" of a response over time. the use of a periodic practice or review serves to maintain a learners readiness to response.
WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE LEARNING?
- assess the learners to determine at what point to begin instruction as well as to determine which reinforces are most effective for a particular student. The most critical factors is the arrangement of stimuli and consequences within the environment.
WHAT TYPES OF LEARNING ARE THE BEST EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY?
- this prescriptions have generally been proven reliable and effective in facilitating learning that involves discriminations (recalling facts), generalizations( define and illustrate concepts), associations (applying explanations), and chaining ( automatically performing a specified procedure).
CONSTRUCTIVISM
HOW DOES THE LEARNING OCCUR?
- learning with creating meaning from experience. the mind filters input from the world to produce its own unique reality. The mind is believed to be the source of all meaning, yet like the empricists, individual, direct experiences with the environment are considered critical.
HOW DOES TRANSFER OCCUR?
- transfer can be facilitated by involvement in authentic tasks anchored in meaningful contexts. Since understanding is indexed by experiences, the authenticity of the experience becomes critical, to the individuals ability to use ideas.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE MEMORY?
- the flexible use of pre-existing knowledge rather than the recall of the prepackaged schemas. Mental representations develop through task-engagement are likely to increase the efficiency with which subsequent tasks are performed to the extend that parts of the environment remain the same.
WHICH FACTORS INFLUENCE LEARNING?
- learning of new vocabulary word is enhanced by exposure and subsequent interactions with those words in context, likewise it is essential that content knowledge be embedded in the situation in which it is used.
WHAT TYPES OF LEARNING ARE BEST EXPLAINED BY THE THEORY?
- can be identified independent of the content and the context of learning. Constructivists believe it is impossible to isolate units of info or divide up knowledge domains according to a hierarchical analysis of relationship.