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Role, contribution and impact of Thutmose III (Military (The Battle of…
Role, contribution and impact of Thutmose III
Social
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Regent was Hatshepsut, his step mother when he ascended the throne when he was 9-10 and eventually co-regent when he was old enough until her death
Had several wives
Merytre-Hatshepsut - Great Royal Wife and Mother of Thutmose's successor, Amenhotep II
Satiah - non-royal wife, mother of his firstborn son, Amenemhat (who died before his father)
Nebetu - non-royal wife, depicted on a pillar in Thutmose's tomb
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Menwi, Meerti, Menhet - 3 foreign royal wives, diplomatic marriage , daughters of Syrian chieftains
Possibly married his half sister Neferure, but there is no conclusive evidence for this marriage - suggested that Neferure, instead of Satiah was the mother of Amenemhat
Religious
When he was younger, he spent some time as an apprentice priest in the Temple of Amun at Karnak and was during this time that he was chosen to be pharaoh by Amun-Re via an oracle
Felt the need to justify his right to rule with the divine oracle because his mother had not been the king's great wife
"Amun...recognising me, he halted... Re himself established me" (Great Coronation Inscription)
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Economic
Establishment of the empire in Nubia, Syria and Palestine, there was an influx of wealth into the Egyptian economy from trade and tribute
Built upon the trade links that Hatshepsut established with gaining control of ports along the coast of Syria and as able to obtain goods from Persia, Mesopotamia and Aegean societies
Evidence on the walls of Thutmose's officials in the rise of luxury goods being brought into Egypt, paintings in the tombs of his officials show trade gifts being brought from Crete, Babylon and the Hittites
Very rich and wealthy, even his lesser wives' mummies were heavily adorned with expensive jewellery
"The beginning of Thutmose's conquest of Asia marks a sudden and profound change in the cult of Amun, occasioned by the enormous and disproportionate wealth which from now is poured into his treasury" (Breasted)
"In just under a century, a dynasty of ambitious Theban rulers had transformed Egypt from a struggling kingdom into an imperial power" (Tyldesley)
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Political
Introduced two viziers in the north and south so their power could be more balanced, previously there was only one (Rekhmire)
Sought to help the powerful cults, elite families and religious cults to garner more support, in the tombs of many officials of differentfamilies, Thut III is featured, and large estates have been discovered as plots to establish/support temples
Created a new government to manage Syria and Palestine - allowed the princes of Syria/Palestine to rule mostly independently but retained enough control over them to make them plead allegiance to Egypt and make annual tribute
Appointed Djehuty as "The Governor of the Northern Lands, overseeing justice and the commandments of Egypt (tributes)
In Nubia, he made use of Egyptian colonists, forts and garrison, Egyptian deputies and mayors
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Well educated and people admired him for his scribal skills, displaying an interest in botany and history - also had a lot of religious knowledge
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Military
He expanded the border to Egypt as far as the fourth cataract in Napata, Nubia
Established Egypt as the undisputed master of Syria and Palestine with 17 campaigns, spanning over 20 years
Recorded in a red granite chamber in the walls of the Temple of Karnak, known as the Annals and considered the "most complete account of the military achievements of any Egyptian kings" (Breasted)
Annals: "For their period, are for the most part moderately phrased and sincere in tone" (Hayes)
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Military achievements were recorded on the walls of the Temple of Amun "to obtain publicity for his achievements" (Gardiner)
Regency gave Thut III a chance to gain skills and he trained with Montu in bow and spear handling as well as horsemanship, took part in minor military campaigns such as Nubia and possibly Gaza, giving him the experience he needed to face more determined enemies, Mitanni and the Syria/Palestinians
"Whether his carrer have been so briliant had it not been preceded by the reign of Hatshepsut" (Tylesley)
The Battle of Megiddo, occured in the second year of his sole reign
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Booty- war spoils, tribute and taxes
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Buildings
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Built inside and outside of Egypt - from the Delta to Napata in Nubia and built in every cult center in Egypt
Some of his building activity were not his own, meaning he took a building an put his name on them
Reasons for building: to honor Amun and other gods, propaganda, security and to commemorate Heb and Seb
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"Showed his strength as a leader and renewed the ideology of kingship, building with the same energy that he fought against the Mitanni" (Grimal)