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ETHICAL THEORIES (Utilitarian Theory (POINTS OF UTILITARIANISM (deciding…

- - - - MORAL RELATIVISM
        
        doing right/wrong is not absolute (without doubt)
        
        totally independent to human intellect (rational thought)
        
        depending on the person, circumstances and social solution
        
        EXAMPLE
        
        legal abortion in Japan
        
        act of lying
      - MORAL OBJECTIVISM
        
        certain acts as objectively right / wrong
        
        independent of human opinion
        
        universal moral principles that are valid for all people
        
        EXAMPLE
        
        is morally wrong to torture people just for the fun of it
        
        act of lying
  - - - TELEOLOGICAL THEORIES:
        
        consequential theory
        
        rightness of action determined by the amount of good and consequences they produce
      - DEONTOLOGICAL:
        
        non-consequential
- - - - action to be judged by the virtue of consequences
      - emphasises more on result for common good
      - CREATED BY JEREMY BENTHAM
      - an action is right when if it produces the greatest balance of PLEASURE OVER PAIN
    - - an action is right if it conforms to a set of rules the general acceptance
      - which will produce greatest balance of pleasure over pain
      - CREATED BY JOHN STUART MILL (JEREMY'S STUDENT)
  - - - amount of utility for each individual
      - amount of utility for the whole society
    - - developing consumer choice theory/ cost
      - benefit / marginal analysis
    - - how we can calculate the amount of pleasure for each action