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Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle (9.1: Most cell division results in genetically…
Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle:
sequence of events in a cell’s life from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. Eukaryotic cell cycles consist of interphase (including G1, S, and G2 phases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis).
Cell Division:
reproduction of cells
9.2: The mitotic phase alternates with interphases in the cell cycle
Mitotic (M) phase:
When a mother cell divides into 2 daughter cells by mitosis and cytokinesis.
Interphase:
The longer phase during mitotic cell division that accounts for about 90% of the cycle and is divided into 3 phases.
G1 phase:
1st stage of interphase where the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins.
S phase:
2nd stage of interphase when DNA is replicated (may take 10-12 hrs)
G2 phase:
3rd stage of interphase. Centrosomes and microtubules are developed in preparation for mitosis.
Centrosome:
structure in cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center
Aster:
microtubules that branch out from each centrosome towards the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.
Origin of replication:
the site where replication of a DNA molecule starts. Consists of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
GO phase:
extended G1 phase where the cell isn't dividing or preparing to divide.
Prophase:
1st phase of mitosis. Duplicated genetic material from a parent cell is divided into two daughter cells and the chromatin condenses.
Prometaphase:
2nd stage of mitosis. The nuclear envelope fractures and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
Metaphase:
Chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage.
Anaphase:
shortest stage of mitosis. Cohesion proteins are cleaved and sister chromatids part, becoming full chromosomes. These chromosome pairs move to opposite ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten until both ends have equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes.
Telophase:
Two daughter nuclei form in the cell and nuclear envelopes surround them.
Cleavage furrow:
shallow groove in cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
Special Part of Plant Reproduction
cell plate:
flattened, membrane-bound sac in the middle of a dividing plant cell. In the plate, a new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
9.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by the molecular control system
Cell cycle control system:
Regulatory proteins that monitor and dictate the progression of the cell throughout the cell cycle.
Checkpoint:
control point in the cell cycle where "stop" and "go" signals help to regulate the cycle.
Growth factor:
A vitamin or hormone that stimulates growth.
Density dependent inhibition:
a phenomenon that occurs mostly in animal cells when a critical cell density is reached and dividing stops.
Anchorage dependence:
In order for a cell to initiate cell division, a cell needs to be attached to a substratum/surface.
Transformation:
Cells in a culture that acquire the ability to divide indefinitely
Benign tumor:
abnormal mass in tissue that isn't cancerous
Malignant tumor:
cancerous tumor that contains cells that have significant cellular and genetic changes and are capable of invading and surviving new sites
Metastasis:
spreading of cancer from the original spot to other areas of the body
9.1: Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
Genome
: an organism's cell's complete set of genetic information
chromosomes:
threadlike structures made up of nucleic acids/proteins that carry our genetic information and instructions. Passed down from our ancestors.
Chromatin:
what chromosomes are composed of
Somatic cells:
all the cells that make up the body except reproductive ones.
gametes:
reproductive cells that contain one set of chromosomes, like eggs or sperm.
Sister chromatids:
identical copies of a chromosome formed by the DNA replication
Centromere:
a specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids
Mitosis
: the division of the nuclear material of the cell in five steps of prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Cytokinesis:
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis/meiosis, resulting in two daughter cells
Binary fission:
asexual reproduction that occurs by dividing in half. In single-cell eukaryotes, mitosis is a part of binary fission. In prokaryotes, mitosis is not a part of binary fission.