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UK Challenges Revision Mind Map - Mr Howell (Challenge 1 - Resource…
UK Challenges Revision Mind Map - Mr Howell
Challenge 1 - Resource Consumption and Sustainability - pg. 7-14 of class notes
Why is population going to increase?
Natural increase - birth rate is higher than death rate
Migration - UK attracts migrants from all over the world. Many are young people who will have children.
Healthcare improvements - life expectancy is going to increase and infant mortality rate will fall so population grows.
Population Pyramids
Life expectancy - height of pyramid. Taller = longer life expectancy.
Infant Mortality Rate - difference between bottom bar and one above. Bigger difference = higher infant mortality rate.
Birth rate - width of base of pyramid. Wider = higher birth rate.
Death rate - Width of the bars in the upper section. Wider bars = lower death rate.
Impact of population growth on UK
Services
Healthcare will be under greater strain, schools may become overcowded, transport systems become crowded also. This will all cost money to fix and so the government needs to plan.
Ecosystems - pg. 8/9
More houses will need to be built - loss of some ecosystems e.g. woodland to create space for housing
Demand for food will increase and farmers may use more chemicals to grow crops.
Energy
Demand for energy will increase. Use of fossil fuels will continue. This may mean more fracking to meet demand for energy.
Management of these problems - pg. 10
More sustainable energy sources e.g. Wind, solar, HEP.
Flood control so that houses on floodplains do not get damaged.
Greenfield/Brownfield Sites - pg.10.
Greenfield - Land at the edge of the city that has not been built on.
Advantages - Less polluted environment, cheaper to build as land does need to be cleared first.
Disadvantages - Urban areas spread out more, loss of farming land.
Brownfield - Land in the centre of the city that has been built on before.
Advantages - Prevents urban areas expanding, cheaper to build as electricity/gas is already there.
Disadvantages - land may be polluted from previous industry and air will be lower quality due to location in city.
Sustainable Transport pg. 12-14
Population is rising so therefore there will be more transport. Need for this transport to use less energy.
Solutions
Improvements in public transport
Cycle Routes
Zero Emission vehicles
Car Sharing
Congestion Charge
'Stick' approach. Cars are charged for going into parts of London.
Advantage - Evidence of reduced pollution
Disadvantage - Some roads where there is no charge have become more polluted as people try to avoid the charge.
Challenge 2 - Settlement, population and economy - page 15-18
Two Speed Economy/North-South Divide
Evidence
House prices - houses are much more expensive in the South East than Northern England.
More highly paid jobs in the South East due to greater investment from businesses. Businesses want to be close to Europe for trade.
Management
High Speed Rail 2 (HS2) to connect London and northern cities. This will hopefully increase investment in other cities.
Other transport improvements e.g. larger airports in the north of the country to encourage movement of people.
Migration
Pg. 16 of class notes - Why is it difficult to be accurate about migration? Not everyone leaves/enters the UK through official points e.g. migrant crisis.
Reasons for movement
Why people leave the UK
Main reason is climate - most people go to Australia
Why people move to the UK
Quality of life is higher (education/healthcare)
Jobs - Highly paid jobs, especially compared to many developing countries.
Attitudes to migration - Poles are coming
Local people - Feel isolated as they may be a minority.
Local businesses may be pleased as many hardworking employees.
Primary school teachers - Overcrowding in schools, many don't speak English as a first language.
Challenge 3 - The UKs Landscape Challenges pg. 19-24
National Parks
Sustainable Management in a national park
Traffic congestion - many tourists and roads are narrow and mountainous.
Cycle lanes and new bus routes.
Lake District
Footpath Erosion - damage to ecosystems due to numbers of tourists.
Stone Pitching - 'Staircase across the landscape'. Hard wearing walking surface.
Names/locations of UK national parks
Flooding
River Flooding
Worse in future - many houses built on floodplains due to population rise.
Management
Hard Engineering
Embankments - Structures at the side of the river, means more water can flow in the river without over-topping. Advantage - Reasonably effective. Disadvantage - Areas downstream at greater risk.
Channelisation - Making river deeper and straighter. Carry more water in a quicker time. Advantage - reduces risk in towns, disadvantage - more likely to flood further downstream
Flood Relief Channels - Side channels built to take water out of the river during high flow. Advantage - effective, disadvantage - takes a lot of space, expensive.
Dams and Reservoirs - Area is flooded and water is regulated through the dam. Advantage - most effective, HEP. Disadvantage - Very expensive, people may need to move to create reservoir.
Soft Engineering
Washland
Area next to the river that is deliberately flooded. This means that other areas hopefully will not flood. Advantage - Makes the area next to the river fertile (good for farming). Disadvantage - Flooded land is often not much use.
River Restoration
Removing flood defences and allowing the river to re-meander. This slows down the river. Idea is that this may allow the river to flood in certain areas and not in others. Advantage - Cheap as nothing to maintain. Disadvantage - Some flooding occurs.
Flood Plain Zoning
Controlling land use next to the river .e.g. not allowing houses to be built, but allowing sports fields. Houses will be built in areas of low risk. Advantage - Cheap solution, disadvantage - needs a lot of space as otherwise it won't work.
Coastal Flooding
Coastal Flooding is likely to get worse - due to rising sea levels (climate change)
Management
Soft Engineering
Managed Retreat - Removal of coastal defences and allow an area to flood. The idea is that this saves money, but should stop other more valuable areas being flooded. Advantage - Cheap, Disadvantage - Land lost to the sea (maybe agricultural land - loss of food).
Hard Engineering
Sea Walls - Physical barrier to protect from flooding. Advantage - very effective, disadvantage - expensive, prevents access to beach, if water goes over the top then water is held in the town/village behind.
Challenge 4 - The UKs Climate Change Challenges - page 26 of class notes
Impacts on UK from climate change
Temperature
Winter temperatures increase by 2-4 C and summer temperatures by 3-10 C.
Precipitation
15-30% wetter in winter due to higher temperatures causing more evaporation.
15-30% direr in summer - more heat waves.
Other Impacts
Flooding more likely at the coast - sea level rise.
Water supply problems due to less rainfall and more poeple who need water.
Heatwaves - Increase in strain on NHS as people become ill.
Ecosystems - Some plant species/animals may become extinct as they can't cope in higher temperatures.
Food production may decline due to lower rainfall/higher temperatures - food prices go up.
Responses to climate change in the UK (link to resources topic)
Individuals
Reduce energy use e.g. cycling/walking to work; solar panels on house roof; install insulation to reduce heating bills.
National Government
Invest more in renweable energy to reduce Co2 production eg. wind farms, develop more sustainable transport e.g. railways, provide recycling schemes. Also provide limits for businesses on energy use.
International
International agreements e.g. Paris Climate agreement - to reduce global temperatures. All countries need to agree otherwise it won't work. Many developing countries use fossil fuels as they are cheaper and they have a lot of them e.g. coal in India.