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Pulmonary System image (Overview (Ventilation vs. Respiration image (The…
Pulmonary System 
Overview
When a person goes on a trip.. They need fuel or they don’t get very far. Just like a car needs fuel so does are body
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Respiratory system primary function is to transport the vital fuel, oxygen, from the air we breathe in, into the bloodstream to be used by the cells, tissues, and organs
Cellular respiration depends on continuous supply of oxygen, found in abundance in air we breathe
Using oxygen produces carbon dioxide, which would become toxic if allowed to build in blood stream; must be removed
Respiratory system is closely related to cardiovascular system and they are sometimes grouped together as cardiopulmonary system
The air we breathe contains many gases, predominantly nitrogen, (an inert gas, which means it does not interact with the body)
However, it is a support gas that keeps lungs open by adding volume, or filler, to vitally needed oxygen
Next highest concentration found in air is oxygen (21%), essential to life, and carbon dioxide is found in very small concentrations
Ventilation vs. Respiration
Ventilation is bulk movement of air down to terminal air sacs, or alveoli, of lungs
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Respiration is process of gas exchange, where oxygen is added to blood and carbon dioxide is removed
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The airway and lungs
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We have reserve of oxygen to last 4 to 6 minutes; after that we will die if we don’t get more oxygen
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Bronchioles end in alveoli, terminal end of respiratory system
Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries; combination is called alveolar-capillary membrane and provides interface between respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Upper airways begin at nostrils, or nares, and end at vocal cords
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Ventilation, or conducting gas to lower airways
While some people breathe through their mouths, we are meant to breathe through our noses
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Nasal cavity, behind nose, is divided into three main regions
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Regions
Vestibular region is located inside nostrils and contains coarse nasal hairs that act as first line of defense for respiratory system
These hairs, called vibrissae, are covered with sebum, a greasy substance secreted by sebaceous glands of nose
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Olfactory region is located on roof of nasal cavity, allowing air to be held there so it can be sampled
Does not allow the gas to reach deeper into your lungs (noxious, or dangerous)
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Air is warmed to body temperature and moistened in this region inside nasal cavity, which is lined with mucous membranes and richly supplied with blood
There are three scroll-like bones, or turbinates, that split incoming air into three channels, providing more surface area for incoming air to make contact with mucosa
Turbinates also serve to make incoming air current more turbulent, bringing more air in contact with mucous membranes for warming and humidifying, adding 650 to 1,000 mls of water each day to moisten air to 80% humidity
Has a small volume of 20 mL, if you could unfold, the turbinates, you would have a surface area about the size of a postcard
Pathology Connection
Nose
Allergic rhinitis
Occurs when allergens (like pollen) trigger nasal mucosa to secrete excessive mucous causing the “runny nose.”
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Nasal polyps
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