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Chapter 2 (Research Design (Correlation Research (looks for relationships…
Chapter 2
Research Design
Naturalistic Observation
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advantages: observation of behaviour in natural setting, can provide new insights
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Case Study
In-depth investigation of an individual person/ situation using interviews, direct observation, records, and psychological tests
advantages: can provide rich, compelling data to support a theory
disadvantages: representative of general population? subjectivity - investigators may see what they expect to see
Surveys
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advantages: data on difficult-to-observe behaviour, data from large sample
disadvantages: self-report data can be unreliable - intentional deception, social desirability, response sets, reliance on memory
Correlation Research
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advantages: useful for studying variables that the researcher can't manipulate (personality, intelligence, age, sex)
disadvantages: can demonstrate that a relationship exists, but can't demonstrate casuality
a positive correlation: people with high scores on one variable tend to have high scores on the other variable
negative correlation: people with high scores in one variable tend to have have low scores on the other variable
no correlation: a high score on one variable predicts nothing about a person's score on the other variable
Experimental Research
to establish causation, the researcher
manipulates on variable (IV) and measures its effect on another variable (DV) whilst holding all other variables constant
Choosing a sample
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representative sample: possesses the important characteristics of the population in the same proportions
Bias
participant bias
the tendency of people who know they are participants in a study to behave in a way other than they normally would
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experimenter bias
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self-fulfilling prophecy
a false definition of a situation that evokes behaviour that, in turn, makes the false conception become true
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