Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Global Warming Pt. II (Paleoclimate (Orbital Forcing & Milankovitch…

- - - - Weathering of new rock from Himalayas draws CO2 out of the atmosphere
    - - Antarctica froze over after continents drifted away and antarctic polar circuit was established
  - - - Oxygen 18 Ratios
        
        higher ratio --> higher temps
        
        lower ratio --> lower temps
      - Deuterium (Hydrogen 2) ratios
        
        lower ratio --> lower temps
        
        higher ratio --> higher temps
      - Works in:
        
        Glaciers
        
        Coral
    - - larger tree rings --> higher temps
      - smaller tree rings --> lower temps
- - - - Poleward circulation widens tropical belt (e.g. Sahara), and contracts polar vortex. Warm places get warmer, colder places get colder
  - - - Strength of cyclones virtually certain to have increased since the 1970s
- - - - Absolute difference calculations
    - - Hansen!!!!!!!! :O
        He made some predictions back in '98
      - IPCC doing their thing
        Just predicting our doom
    - - Volcanos are hot perturbations that we can measure
    - - Why look to the future when you look back?
- - - - Upper ocean is virtually certain to have risen in temperature since 1971
      - Deep ocean is likely to have warmed since 1971
    - - Salinity in mid-latitudes very likely to have increased due to increased evaporation
      - Salinity in polar and tropical latitudes very likely to have decreased due to decreased evaporation
    - - Carbon in ocean very likely to have increased, resulting in increased acidity
    - - Ocean circulation has no evidence of changes
    - - Mechanisms for rise
        
        Thermosteric Expansion
        
        Groundwater runoff
        
        Glacial melting
      - Rate of sea-level rise very likely to have increased over the 19th century and to have increased again over the 20th century
  - - - Arctic sea ice certain to have decreased since 1979
      - Arctic warming is particularly rapid due to feedback process of sun heating water when the ice melts
    - - Glaciers virtually certain to have shrunk, and to continue shrinking even without temp. increase
    - - Greenland Ice Sheet Melting very likely to have accelerated since 1992
      - Antarctic Ice Sheet Melting likely to have accelerated since 1992
    - - Snow cover likely to have decreased
    - - Permafrost has been decreasing with medium confidence, thawing out and moving north
- - - - Time of day
        
        How does cloud affect outgoing LR during day? During night?
      - Type of cloud
        
        High clouds are better at trapping LR, low clouds are better at emitting it
      - Location of cloud
        
        How does albedo change based on location of cloud?
      - When during year
        
        How do seasons change amount of clouds?
  - - - Observations
      - Models