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Cell division (Cell cycle and cyclins (Interphase (G1 (Cytoplasm ((The…

- - - - Cytoplasm
        
        The cell grows and functions normally undergoing everyday processes.
        
        Rapid protein synthesis takes place allowing the cell to grow in size.
        
        Proteins required for DNA synthesis (the next phase) are made.
    - - The amount of DNA doubles as DNA replication takes place.
        The genetic material is duplicated but no chromosomes are formed yet.
    - - Protein synthesis occurs to produce the proteins needed for cell division, such as microtubule proteins that will make up a mitotic spindle. The cell is actively preparing for cell division.
        Mitochondria and chloroplasts (in the case of plant cells) are replicated.
  - - - G1
        
        During this phase cyclin D (red line) levels gradually increase.
      - S
        
        The cyclin E (purple line) is instrumental to DNA replication and also promotes centromere duplication.
      - G2
        
        Cyclin A (blue line) helps induce DNA replication.
      - Mitosis
        
        Cyclin B (yellow line) is essential for the formation of mitotic spindles and the alignment of chromatids.
- - - - DNA supercoils causing the chromatin to condense.
        
        Nucleolus disappears.
        
        Nuclear membrane disintegrates.
        
        Spindle fibres (made of microtubules) start to form (and are completely formed by the end of prophase).
        
        Centrioles (absent from plant cells) move to opposite poles.
    - - Spindle fibres bind to the centromere of sister chromatids and cause their movement towards the equatorial plate.
        Sister chromatids are aligned at the equatorial plate at the end of metaphase.
    - - Sister chromatids are separated (now known as chromosomes) and pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres.
    - - The chromosomes have reached the poles.
        
        A nuclear membrane starts to reform at each pole.
        
        A nucleolus appears in each new nucleus.
        
        The spindle fibres disintegrate.
        
        The cell elongates in preparation for cytokinesis.
        
        In some cases, the invagination of the membrane is also visible (marking the beginning of cytokinesis).