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Malignant condItions (malignant hypertension (Treatment and Management…

- - - - Blurred vision
      - Chest pain (angina)
      - Difficulty breathing
      - Dizziness
      - Numbness in the arms, legs, and face
      - Severe headache
  - - - Collagen vascular disease, such as scleroderma
      - Kidney disease
      - Spinal cord injuries
      - Tumor of the adrenal gland
  - - - Collagen vascular disease, such as scleroderma
      - Kidney disease
      - Spinal cord injuries
      - Tumor of the adrenal gland
- - - - living in a warm humid climate
      - elderly
      - male
      - often starts out as some kind of trauma (injury) to the external ear canal
  - - - a feeling of fullness in the ear
      - itchy ears
      - fever (rare)
      - difficulty swallowing
      - facial weakness
      - voice loss
      - headaches
- - - - ther antiemetic drugs (like promethazine)
      - Certain antidepressants (like citalopram and desipramine)
      - Lithium salts (for mood stabilization)
      - Valproate (anticonvulsant drug)
  - - - Intravenous fluids and electrolytes
      - Cooling treatments (such as cooling blankets) to lower body temperature
      - Dopamine-stimulating drugs (like bromocriptine mesylate)
      - Muscle relaxants (like dantrolene sodium)
      - Benzodiazepine drugs (to control agitation)
  - - - Tremor
      - Muscle cramps
      - Agitation
      - Disorientation (and other mental symptoms)
      - Unstable blood pressure
      - Increased heart rate
      - Increased rate of breathing
- - - - Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic disease in Man and animals. It
      - primarily involves skeletal muscle tissue, but other tissues might be affected to a lesser degree. Calcium
      - homeostasis in muscle cells is upset in susceptible individuals, so that various agents and circumstances
      - can increase the free, ionised intracellular calcium concentration to damaging levels. The primary defect is
      - not known at present, but is believed to involve an abnormally sensitive calcium-induced calcium release
      - mechanism. Thus small, localised increases in calcium concentration releases more calcium so that a
      - vicious cycle is triggered. The increased calcium concentration causes multiple effects in the muscles by
      - stimulating contraction and a hypermetabolic state, clinically observed as rigidity and fever. If demands
      - on the homeostatic mechanisms to lower the calcium concentration become exhausted, and metabolism is
      - insufficient to supply enough phosphocreatine and ATP, membrane potentials cannot be maintained, and
      - permeability of the cell membranes increase.
    - - hypercatabolic state
      - a very high temperature, an increased heart rate and abnormally rapid breathing, increased carbon dioxide production
    - - Malignant hyperthermia is caused by a gene that you have at birth. If someone in your family has malignant hyperthermia and you need to have surgery, it's important to tell your doctor. Other drugs may be used instead.
    - - If a parent, sibling or child has the condition, you have a 50 percent chance of having it too. You have a 25 percent chance of having the condition if a close relative like an aunt, uncle, or grandchild has it. Men are more likely than women to have malignant hyperthermia
    - - A drug called dantrolene (Dantrium) is used to treat the reaction. Ice packs, cooling blankets and fans may also be used to help reduce body temperature.