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infective conditions (chicken pox (pathophysiology (Exposure to VZV in a…
infective conditions
chicken pox
pathophysiology
Exposure to VZV in a healthy child initiates the production of host immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies; IgG antibodies persist for life and confer immunity. Cell-mediated immune responses are also important in limiting the scope and the duration of primary varicella infection
After primary infection, VZV is hypothesized to spread from mucosal and epidermal lesions to local sensory nerves.
VZV then remains latent in the dorsal ganglion cells of the sensory nerves. Reactivation of VZV results in the clinically distinct syndrome of herpes zoster (i.e., shingles), postherpetic neuralgia, and sometimes Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II.
signs and symptoms
The early (prodromal) symptoms in adolescents and adults are nausea, loss of appetite, aching muscles, and headache.
symptoms
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fever, which is usually worse in adults than children
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in some cases, a feeling of nausea
Treatments
topical application of calamine lotion (a topical barrier preparation containing zinc oxide, and one of the most commonly used interventions), it has an excellent safety profile
It is important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of skin with warm water to avoid secondary bacterial infection
Sorivudine, a nucleoside analog, has been reported to be effective in the treatment of primary varicella in healthy adults (case reports only)
causes
Chickenpox infection is caused by a virus. It can spread through direct contact with the rash. It can also spread when a person with the chickenpox coughs or sneezes and you inhale the air droplets.
risk factors
Your risk of becoming infected with the varicella-zoster virus that causes chickenpox is higher if you haven't already had chickenpox or if you haven't had the chickenpox vaccine. It's especially important for people who work in child care or school settings to be vaccinated.
Measles
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signs and symptom
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cough, sneezing, red watery eyes, runny nose,
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Treatment and management
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• 50,000 IU for infants younger than 6 months of age
• 100,000 IU for infants 6–11 months of age
• 200,000 IU for children 12 months of age and older
causes
Measles is caused by infection with the rubeola virus. The virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat of an infected child or adult.
The disease is contagious for 4 days before the rash appears, and it continues to be contagious for about 4 to 5 days after.
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Cholera
pathophysiology
Cholera is a diarrheal disease that remains an important global health problem with several hundreds of thousands of reported cases each year.
This disease is caused by intestinal infection with Vibrio cholerae, which is a highly motile gram-negative bacterium with a single-sheathed flagellum
In the course of cholera pathogenesis, V. cholerae expresses a transcriptional activator ToxT, which subsequently transactivates expressions of two crucial virulence factors: toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin (CT).
These factors are responsible for intestinal colonization of V. cholerae and induction of fluid secretion, respectively.
In intestinal epithelial cells, CT binds to GM1 ganglioside receptors on the apical membrane and undergoes retrograde vesicular trafficking to endoplasmic reticulum, where it exploits endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation systems to release a catalytic A1 subunit of CT (CT A1) into cytoplasm.
signs and symptoms
sudden onset of painless, profuse, watery diarrhoea
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treatment and management
Anyone who has been in a high-risk region within the previous 5 days and develops severe vomiting and diarrhoea should seek urgent medical assessment.
Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily treated by immediate rehydration, that is, replacement of the fluid and salts lost through diarrhoea.
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Patients with severe dehydration or who are unable to keep oral fluids down require hospitalisation and intravenous fluid replacement.
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