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GRAMMAR
The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentence…
GRAMMAR
- The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentence in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences
(Page 81)
Traditional Grammar
- Part Of Speech
-
Articels / Determiner
- (a, an, the) used to classify things or identifying them as already known
Adjective
- Provide more information to noun
Verbs
- words used to various kind of actions and states involving people and things in events
Adverbs
- Provide more information to Verb
Preposition
- Provide information about time, place, and other connections
Pronouns
- Refer to possesive to people and things already known
Conjunctions
- Used to make connection and indicate relationships between events
- which has its origins in the description of languages such as Latin and Greek.
- Latin and Greek were the languages of scholarship, religion, philosophy and "knowledge". so the grammar of these language was taken to be the model for other grammar
AGREEMENT
- Number of other categories, including "number", "person", "tense", "voice", and "gender" can be discussed in isolation, but their role in describing language becomes clearer when we consider them in terms. E.G : Verb loves agree with noun Cathy in the sentence Cathy loves her dog. (Page: 83)
Grammatical Gender
Type of biological distinction used in English based on the type of noun (masculine and feminine) and is not tied to sex. so, the grammatical category is very useful applied in describing a number of languages (including Latin), but may not be appropriate for describing forms in others languages such as English. (Page : 84)
TRADITIONAL ANALYSIS
-The notion of “appropriateness” of analytic categories for a particular language has not always been a consideration.for English verbs, constructed by analogy with similar tables of forms in Latin grammars.Each of the Latin verb forms is different, according to the categories of person and number, yet the English verb forms are (with one exception) mostly the same. (Page: 84 - 85)
The Descriptive Approach
- Analysts collected samples of the language they were interested in and attempted to describe the regular structures of the language as it was used, not according to some view of how it should be used. (Page:86)
Constituent analysis
- The technique employed in this approach is designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents. One basic step is determining how words go together to form phrases. In the following sentence, we can identify nine constituents at the word level: An old man brought a shotgun to the wedding. (Page: 88)
Structural Analysis
- its main concern is to investigate the distribution of forms in a language.The method involves the use of “test-frames” that can be sentences with empty slots in them.
...................makes a lot of noise.
I heard........................ yesterday
Among the other forms that comfortably fit these test-frames are it, the big dog, an old car, Ani Difranco, the professor with the Scottish accent, and many more. Once again, we can suggest that these forms are likely to be examples of the same grammatical category. The common label for this category is “noun phrase.” (Page: 87)
Labeled and bracketed sentences
- An alternative type of diagram is designed to show how the constituents in sentence structure can be marked off by using labeled brackets. The first step is to put brackets (one on each side) round each constituent, and then more brackets round each combination of constituents.
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