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Populations and Ecosystems (Concepts (Population (All same species…
Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
Ecology
Study of organisms and its surroundings
Population
All same species individuals in a habitat
Unstable and change is common
Community
All populations in a habitat
Ecosystem
The biological and physical environment
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Habitat
Conditions where organisms complete life cycle
Migration is a habitat component
Plants are non migratory
Portions of plants can migrate
Spores, pollen, fruits, seeds,and vegetative propagules
Operational habitat
Habitat aspects that affect plants
Two types of habitat components
Abiotic components (nonliving)
Climate
Important to all organisms
Components of climate
Temperature
Average is not as important as high and low extremes
Rainfall
Humidity
Winds
The tolerance range is between extremes
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Ranges between species
Soil factors
Pioneers are the first plants in new soil
Soil has 3 horizons
Horizon A
Uppermost layer
Zone of leaching
Horizon B
Zone of deposition
Horizon C
Composed of parent rock and fragments
Latitude and altitude
Disturbance
Fires, landslides, avalanche, floods
Fire is common in dry ecosystems
Biotic components (living)
The plant itself
Other plant species
Mutualism
Beneficial for both organisms
Competition
Two species fight for resources
Competitive exclusion
Less adapted species is excluded
Niche
A species' particular set of conditions
Ecotypes
Subpopulations specialized to a specific ecosystem
Transplant experiments
Tests if ecotypes really exist
Common garden
An intermediate site for experimental plants
Organisms other than plants
Animal
Frugivores
Fruit-eating animals
Commensal relationships
One benefits, the other is unaffected
Predation
One benefits, the other is harmed
Herbivores
Browsing
Eats twigs and leaves
Grazing
Eating herbs
Fungi and prokaryotes
Pathogenic
The Structure of Populations
Geographic distribution
Boundaries of the geographic range
Limiting factor
Determines the health of the plant
Local geographic distribution
Random distribution
No identifiable pattern in plant positions
Clumped distributions
Rarely average space between plants
Uniform distributions
Individuals are evenly spaced
Allelopathy
Chemicals released that inhibit other plants
Chemicals are called allelochemics
Age distribution: demography
Relative proportions of various aged individuals
Generation time
Length of time between parent and offspring
Biotic potential
AKA intrinsic rate of natural increase
Number of offspring that reproduce
Carrying capacity
Number of individuals that can live
r- and K-selection
r-selection
Biotic potential
#
r-selected species
Typically annuals or small-shrubbery perennials
K-selection
Carrying capacity
Redwoods, douglas firs, bristlecone pines
Any other long-lived conifer
Both can live together
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic structure
Plants size, shape and distribution
In relation to others and environment
Life forms
Means of surviving stress
Temporal structure
Changes to ecosystems over time
Species composition
Number and diversity of species
Trophic levels
Feeding levels
Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Decomposers
Energy flow
Carbon flow
