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LEARNING THEORIES AND LAW (constructivism (Focusing on how the learner…

- - - - According to cognitive theories, transfer is a function of how information is stored in memory (Schunk, 1991). When a learner understands how to apply knowledge in different contexts, then transfer has occurred.
      - constructivism
        
        The constructivist position assumes that transfer can be facilitated by involvement in authentic tasks anchored in meaningful contexts.
- - - - cognitivism
        
        memory is given a prominent role in the learning process. Learning results when information is stored in memory in an organized, meaningful manner.
        
        constructivism
        
        Constructivists emphasize the flexible use of pre-existing knowledge rather than the recall of prepackaged schemas (Spiro, Feltovich, Jacobson, & Coulson, 1991).
- - - - cognitive theories are usually considered more appropriate for explaining complex forms of learning (reasoning, problem-solving, information-processing) than are those of a more behavioral perspective (Schunk, 1991).
      - constructivism
        
        Constructivists believe that it is impossible to isolate units of information or divide up knowledge domains according to a hierarchical analysis of relationships.
- - - - cognitive approach focuses on the mental activities of the learner that lead up to a response and acknowledges the processes of mental planning, goal-setting, and organizational strategies (Shuell, 1986).
      - constructivism
        
        Constructivists argue that behavior is situationally determined (Jonassen, 1991a). Just as the learning of new vocabulary words is enhanced by exposure and subsequent interaction with those words in context (as opposed to learning their meanings from a dictionary), likewise it is essential that content knowledge be embedded in the situation in which it is used.