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climate and biomes: deforestation (cause of deforestation (kalimantan)…
climate and biomes: deforestation
deforestation
large scale permanent removal of forests through means for various purposes
cause of deforestation (kalimantan)
ECONOMIC: increased demand for agriculture land use
resettlement of indonesians in kalimantan to ease overcrowding: increased demand for agricultural activities as population increased
grow cash crops. some clear more farmland
plantation companies also using kalimantan to grow crops like oil palm
SOCIAL: urbanisation
rainforests cleared for expansions of towns and cities
eg, balikapapan
in kalimantan, people resettling from rural to urban for better employment oppo.
ECONOMIC: improved transport networks
roads and railway tracks cut through forests, eg trans kalimantan highway to improve accessibility
made destruction of larger parts of forest easier
ECONOMIC: industrial development
industrial activities like logging and mining led to deforestation
trees logged and sold as timber. heavy rate at which wood is processed and exported causes heavy logging
mining: vegetation cleared to expose underneath ground, causing deforestation, & results in soil erosion
ECONOMIC: costsavingslashandburntechniques
clear large forest areas for oil palm plantations and agriculture
cheaper than employing labour to cut trees. is traditional agricultural method for some
impacts of deforestation
ENVIRONMENTAL
loss of biodiversity
deforestation--> loss of natural habitat
endangering and extinction
change in nutrient cycle
infertile soil
no leaf litter
soil is leeched
so, ability to support growth of vegetation reduced
change in quantity of water
fewer trees--> altered microclimate--> reduced transpiration--> consequent reduction in cloud formation & rainfall --> droughts
flash floods: soil eroded easily, enters river, causing overflow
change in quality of water
increased sediment level in water--> make water acidic. affect aqua life and turn freshwater unsafe for consumption because deforestation=no roots to hold in soil--> erosion
air pollution
forest fires--> dust and smoke in air, causing pollution and haze, in the long run can cause eye and throat irritation
may make tourists decrease
reduced carbon sink
less plants--> reduced carbon sink--> more carbon dioxide produced than taken in--> carbon dioxide, as a greenhouse gas, traps heat and leads to global warming--> contributing to climate change
SOCIAL
displacement of indigenous communities
eg dayaks, are evicted from their land when govt do no recognise their traditional land claims and sells land to decelopers
employment opportunities for locals
many companies that clear rainforest employ large number of locals in region. these people need these jobs as they are lowly educated and need the income
ECONOMIC
revenue through export of forest products
forest products major source of export revenue in indonesia
employment opportunities for locals
many companies that clear rainforest employ large number of locals in region. these people need these jobs as they are lowly educated and need the income
SOLUTIONS
afforestation and reforestation
measures
planting of trees in areas not covered by forests before/lands abandoned by farmers
reforestation: planting of trees in deforested areas. commercially valuable trees planted
limitations
deforestation rate still faster than rate at which forests are restored, because incentives for locals unattractive
only teak trees replanted, does not make up for the diversity of ori rainforest
controlled logging
selective cutting
careful management of forests being logged
success
enable forest to regenerate and minimize soil erosion
limitations
illegal logging still occur because lack of monitoring and man power
significant variety plant species could be damaged
conservation
careful use of forests to prevent further destruction
protected nature reserves allowed in many areas where logging is banned
success
effective as preserves original biodiversity of forests
limitations
illegal logging diff to monitor due to size of nature reserve
there is limit to number of reserves as balance between conservation and economic needs are required
controlling forest fires
illegal to clear forests by burning--law implemented
plantation companies continue doing this because cheapest way to clear forests
awareness campaigns, discouraging this behaviour
shifting cultivators continue to do this as it is their traditional agriculture method
factors that influence conservation efforts
physical
size of rainforest--may be too large for effective monitoring
political
territorial rights
depends on how many countries shared natural vegetation and claim ownership over it
each country has its vested interest and agenda
rapid change in govt
no continuity or lack of commitment
loopholes and corruption
in developing countries chaotic judicial system prevent effective implementation
economic
forest needed to earn much needed revenue for growth and development
forest exploitation provides employment opportunities for locals
lack funds and manpower
social
increase in population means more food to be produced
forest therefore cleared ot grow more food crops and cash crops and to build settlementsto ease overcrowding
environmental stewardship is responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect env