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What are bones, its structure, composition and the nutrients required to…

- - - - through
        
        endogenous or internal sources
        
        starting from
        
        skin exposure to the sun
        
        where
        
        7-dehydrocholesterol
        
        1 more item...
        
        which leads to
        
        synthesized non-toxic levels of vitamin D
    - - through
        
        exogenous or dietary sources
        
        as
        
        an inactive pro vitamin
  - - - when
        
        blood calcium levels are low
      - as
  - - - Such as
        
        Rickets disease
        
        are present in
        
        Children
        
        is a result of
        
        Inadequate intake of vitamin D
        
        Breastmilk low in vitamin D
        
        little exposure to the sun
        
        Results in
        
        poor shaping of bones
        
        Bowed legs
        
        Malformed ribs (rachitic rosary)
        
        Osteomalacia
        
        is present in
        
        Adults
        
        is a result of
        
        improper mineralization
        
        of
        
        Osteoids
        
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        decreased absorption of vitamin D
        
        little exposure to sun
        
        closely spaced/repeated pregnancies
        
        Results in
        
        Soft bones
        
        Progressive weakness
        
        Increasing pain in lower back/legs
        
        kidney, liver, intestinal diseases
        
        can be treated by
        
        increased dietary intake of Vit D
        
        careful exposure of skin to sun
    - - Toxicity
        
        which leads to
        
        Hypercalcemia
        
        which causes
        
        irreversible damage to organs
        
        Calcium deposited into soft tissue
        
        caused by
        
        food intake
        
        supplement use
        
        which is
        
        the most likely cause when
        
        Vitamin D intake is above normal
        
        which affects
        
        Children the most
  - - - when
        
        consumed in least amounts above DRI
  - - - in the form of
        
        tablets
        
        Softgels
        
        solution
        
        vitamin D2 (plant based)
        
        vitamin D3 (animal based)
        
        which is
        
        most biologically effective
        
        fish oil supplements
      - are absorbed
        
        comparable to food intake
        
        as fat-soluble vitamins
        
        transferred by
        
        chylomicrons
      - should be consumed by
        
        adults over age 50
        
        at 400IU daily in addition to diet
  - - - such as
        
        egg yolks
        
        liver
        
        fish
        
        fish oils
    - - such as
        
        fortified milk
        
        margarine
        
        orange juice
        
        yogurt
  - - - for adults of 0-70 years old
    - - for adults of 71+ year olds
    - - for UL for all adults
- - - - compounds called Quinones
    - - Exogenous sources
        
        such as
        
        animal sources
        
        plant sources
      - Endogenous sources
        
        through
        
        bacterial synthesis (GI tract)
        
        is
        
        Inadequate in infants
    - - 40-80% in our body
      - with dietary lipids
      - into chylomicrons
    - - a fat-soluble vitamin
      - a coenzyme
        
        used in
        
        synthesis of proteins
        
        used in
        
        blood clotting
        
        through
        
        1 more item...
        
        bone
        
        such as
        
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      - resistant to loss
        
        in
        
        cooking
    - - mostly in liver
      - some adipose tissue
    - - Deficiencies
        
        caused by
        
        Low levels of gut bateria
        
        low levels of breast milk (infants)
        
        Antibiotic use (adults)
        
        fat malabsorption idsorders
        
        excessive vitamin E
      - when overly present can lead to
        
        Toxicity
        
        which can
        
        Affect anti-coagulant drugs
        
        can lead to
        
        RBC hemolysis
        
        Jaundice
        
        Brain damage
    - - AI of 120µg/d (males)
      - AI of 90µg/d (females)
    - - green leafy vegetables
        
        such as
        
        Kale
        
        spinach
      - liver
      - eggs
      - cow milk
      - bacterial synthesis (GI tract)
      - peas
      - broccoli
      - green beans
- - - - Hydroxyapatite
        
        which is
        
        the most common mineral crystal deposited onto the protein matrix of bone
    - - acidic environment
      - active vitamin D
        in intestinal cells
      - lactose
      - increased demand
      - younger age
    - - Food constituents
        
        which involve
        
        high fibre diets
        
        phytic acid in whole grains
        
        legumes
        
        oxalic acid in
        vegetables
        
        polyphenols
      - Supplement use
        
        which involves
        
        magnesium
        
        phosphorus
        
        iron
        
        zinc
        
        low calcium intakeoxalic acid less than 500 mg/dose
      - old age
      - menopause
    - - Bone formation & maintenance
      - Blood clotting
        
        which is prevented by
        
        Magnesium
      - Hypertension
        
        which is prevented by
        
        Magnesium
    - - Deficiency
        
        which leads to
        
        osteoporosis
        
        which is affected by
        
        age
        
        gender
        
        hormones
        
        Genetics/Race
        
        physical activity
        
        body weight
        
        smoking/alcohol
        
        low Calcium, fluoride intake
        
        low active Vitamin D present
        
        excess Sodium, Caffeine, and Protein intake
        
        which increases the risk of
        
        Fractures
        
        which can be reduced by
        
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    - - goat cheese
      - Sardines, canned with bones
      - tofu, made with calcium salt
    - - toxicity
        
        which is caused by
        
        Hyperparathyroidism
        
        which leads to
        
        high blood (and urinary) calcium levels
        
        calcium deposits into soft tissue
        
        irreversible damage to organs
        
        which affects
        
        people with kidney disease the most
      - decreased absorption of Magnesium
    - - Supplements
        
        are recommended to be taken
        
        divided doses, with max 500mg per dose
        
        at times of low Calcium and/or Iron intake
        
        before bed
        
        which has
        
        different amounts of calcium by type
        
        different
        bioavailability by type
        
        should be avoided if sourced from
        
        "natural" unrefined sources
    - - Magnesium in the enamel
        
        to prevent
        
        dental caries
- - - - An absorption rate of 50%
        
        which can be
        
        Lowered by high calcium and fibre intake
- - - - providing strength and rigidity to bone
      - ensuring proper electrical and fluid balance
      - acting as a buffer in the blood
      - activating B-vitamin coenzymes
    - - Salmon
      - Sunflower seeds
      - Yogurt
    - - Vitamin D
    - - skeletal,
        hematological and renal
        malfunctioning
    - - Calcium in many of its roles
    - - bone crystal hydroxyapatite
- - - - Organs (eg. heart)
      - Muscles
- - - - Housing nerves, cartilage, connective tissue and mineral crystals in osteoid (a collagen matrix)
      - Producing RBC, WBC and platlets (in bone marrow)
- - - - Bone Health
        
        is affected by
        
        Nutrient levels
        
        Genetics
        
        Environmental factors
        
        Hormones
    - - Bone mineral density
        
        is a measure of
        
        amount of mineral crystals in a certain volume of bone
    - - Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
        
        is used because it is
        
        Non-invasive
        
        Quick (about 20 min)
        
        Painless
        
        Very accurate