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Post WWI (What Strategies did the Socialist Adopt? (PSI (weak in the South…

- - - - October 1917, Italy suffered a major defeat at Caporetto
        
        partly attributed to low morale
        
        the government responded by promising major reforms when the war was over - expectations raised
      - October 1918, Austro-Hungarian Empire was on the verge of defeat
        
        Italy had won a victory at Vittorio Veneto - far smaller than Caporetto but well remembers
        
        Italians believed they deserved major rewards for their success - expectations raised
- - - - which included self-determination and abolition of secret agreements in wartime
  - - - had no effect and terms didn't change
      - result: a 'mutilated victory' - most Italians felt this was awful
- - - - D'Annunzio and 300 ex-soldiers seized control of the city
        
        Allied troops left (excluding the Italian troops who supported D'Annunzio)
  - - - this implies weakness and willingness to submit to violence
    - - D'Annunzio fled
        
        Italian army quickly took command of Fiume
        
        Fiume remained under international supervision until Mussolini took it over in 1923
  - - - possible, for a time, that D'Annunzio would emerge as the leader of the Fascist movement in Italy
  - - - put him out of action at the time of the rise of Mussolini
      - Mussolini still saw him as a rival even years later
        
        he began to bribe D'Annunzio to not re-enter the political scene
        
        Mussolini, when asked about these bribes responded: *"when you have a rotten tooth you have two possibilities open to you: either you pull the tooth or you fill it with gold. With D'Annunzio I have chosen the latter treatment
- - - - missed the camaraderie of the trenches
      - often drawn to Fascism
  - - - workers, determined to improve their position, launched strikes
      - peasant soldiers seized unoccupied land
- - - - could have cooperated and bettered Italy but both refused to play a role in the government
- - - - controlled party organisation
      - urged revolution to enact the full Marxist program
    - - dominated the parliamentary party
      - were more prepared to use parliament to enact reforms on the way to full socialism
  - - - Minimalists
      - Maximalists
      - an even more radical group
- - - - but nonetheless began land occupations
  - - - to force employers to employ their workers, even during winter months
  - - - the following unemployment weakened the movement
  - - - it's only effect was to augment the fear of Bolshevisk, leading to support for the Fascists