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Community Ecology (Diversity (Diversity and Scale (larger areas (more…

- - - - size of observed area
    - - higher diversity
      - more variation
        
        soil
        
        topography
        
        geology
      - larger populations #
        
        more likely to survive disturbances
    - - relationship between area and a species
      - S=cA^z
        
        compare densities of communities
        
        alpha density
        
        beta density
        
        gamma density
    - - number of species in a class
  - - - have less species diversity
      - Canada
      - Siberia
      - Alaska
    - - constant warmth
      - rare ice cold temperatures
      - more species diveristy
  - - - impossible to locate every single prokaryote
  - - - herbs
      - trees
      - annuals
      - perennials
      - ephemerals
    - - feeding methods of herbivores
      - below ground
        
        bulbs
        
        taproots
        
        rhisomes
      - above ground
        
        fruits
        
        seeds
        
        edible shoots
- - - - Prey N
    - - plant
    - - predator eats prey
        
        prey pop. decreases
        
        predator pop. decrease
        
        cycle up and down repeatedly
      - predator eats prey
        
        prey pop. becomes extinct
        
        predator pop. becomes extinct
      - predator eats prey
        
        other factors play in
        
        both pop.s remain stable
    - - predators'
        
        feeding rate
        
        handling time
      - prey-dependent
        
        Lotka-Volterra model
        
        net rate of change in prey
        
        dN/dt=rN-aNP
        
        net rate of change in predators
        
        dP/dt=faNP-qP
        
        Rosenzeig-MacArthur model
        
        had more factors
        
        more complex equations
    - - improved conditions for prey
        
        leads to overexploition
        
        prey and predator species become extinct
      - eutrophication
    - - to keep a population density at a point
        
        the species is stable
    - - hunting that has a deadline
    - - like one deer per hunter
  - - - probability of prey being encountered
        
        rare species
        
        cryptic coloration
        
        smaller size
      - decision to attack
        
        poisonous
        
        spiky
        
        low in nutrients
      - probability prey is successfully eaten
        
        hard to crack open
        
        cannot be digested
    - - attempt to understand why herbivores are picky
      - optimal diet model
        
        four predictions
        
        needs prey that yields energy per unit of handling time
        
        eating abundant low energy prey
        
        instead of scarce high-energy prey
        
        some prey items cannot be eaten
        
        availability of more profitable prey
  - - - exploration competition
        
        resource is actually comsumed
      - interference competition
        
        restriction of resources
        
        braken ferns
    - - 2 competing species coexist in an area if they
        
        interfere more with themselves than with others
      - 2 competeing species can coexist if one
        
        can increase from low density in presence of the other
        
        invasive
    - - a factor that can increase growth rates
      - abiotic factors
        
        light
        
        water
        
        minerals
        
        space
      - biotic factors
        
        attention of pollinators
        
        seed dispersers
        
        mycorrjizal fungi
  - - - decrease in competition
    - - when 2 species interact and both benefit
      - plants and pollinators
    - - one species helping another without benefit
      - beavers and ponds
      - nurse plants
      - spiny desert shrubs
      - primary succession
        
        organisms become established on new subsrates
        
        volcanoes produce lava
        
        sterile
        
        glaciers advancements
        
        no soil or organisms
- - - - at the same time and place
    - - time
        
        existence
        
        beavers
        
        dams
        
        ponds
        
        flood trees
        
        allow more light
        
        2 more items...
        
        pioneers
        
        succession
        
        2 more items...
        
        disturbances
        
        fires
        
        volcanic eruptions
        
        erosion
        
        hurricanes
        
        alter existing comunites
        
        permit new ones to form
      - space
        
        like an entire forest
        
        preventative factors
        
        high-altitudes
        
        too wet
        
        at spacial capacity
        
        other communities within
        
        within dead animals/plants
        
        in streams
        
        in lakes
        
        in/on tree branches
  - - - wolves
        
        in Yellowstone National Park
    - - from Rio Grande River
        
        to Big Bend National Park
    - - complete life cycle of fish
- - - - sea otters
      - sea urchins
      - kelp "forests"
- - - - migration
      - gene pool
    - - a patch in environment where a species can live
      - some patches are habitable, some not
      - empty patches will be filled
      - populations in a patch can go extinct
    - - high-quality patch
    - - low-quality patch
    - - must have
        
        food
        
        water
        
        places for
        
        hiding
        
        nesting
      - Rocky Mountains
        
        New Mexico
        
        Canada
    - - colonizes new patches
    - - captured animals are released to new area