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Chapter 42+44 (Chapter 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange (Blood Components…
Chapter 42+44
Chapter 42 Circulation & Gas Exchange
Circulatory Systems
Diffusion
random thermal motion
Gastrovascular Cavity
Functions in the distribution of substances thru the body
Open Circulatory System
the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is also the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells
Closed Circulatory System
Has circulatory fluid (blood) thats confounded to vessels
Organization
Cardiovascular System - used to describe the heart and blood vessels in vertebrates
Arteries - carry blood rom the heart to organs
Arterioles - smaller arteries
Capillaries - microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls
Capillary Beds - networks of capillaries
Venules - what capillaries turn into at their "downstream" end
Veins - the vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Atria - the chambers that receive the blood entering the heart
Ventricles - chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart
Single Circulation - when blood travels through the body and returns to its starting point in a single circuit
Double circulation - having two circuits of blood flow
Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange - the uptake of molecular O2 from the environment and the discharge of CO2 to the environment
Partial Pressure - the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Ventilation - Movement of the respiratory system medium over the respiratory surface
Countercurrent Exchange - exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions
Tracheal system - a network of air tubes that branch thru the body
Blood Components Function
Plasma - vertebrate blood is a connective tissue consisting of cells suspended ion a liquid matrix
Platelets - cell fragments that are involved in the clotting process
Erythrocytes - most numerous blood cell
Hemoglobin - the iron-containing protein that transports O2
Sickle Cell Disease
Leukocytes - 5 major types of white blood cells
Erythropoietin - simulates the generation of more erythrocytes
Artherosclerosis - the hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits
Low-Density Lipoprotein - delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production
High-Density Lipoprotein - scavenges excess cholesterol for return the liver
Breathing Ventilates the Lungs
How Amphibians Breath:
Positive Pressure Breathing - inflating the lungs with forced airflow
How Birds Breath:
It passes air over the gas exchange surface in only one direction.
Air sacs direct air flow thru lungs
How mammals Breath:
Negative Pressure Breathing: pulling, rather than pushing, air into their lungs
Diaphragm: a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom wall of the cavity
Tidal Volume: the volume of air inhales and exhaled with each breath
Vital Capacity: the tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation
Residual Volume: the air that remind after a forced exhalation
Patters of Blood Pressure & Flow
Endothelium - a single layer of flattened epithelial cells
Systolic pressure - when arterial blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts during ventricular systole
Diastolic pressure - lower but still substantial blood pressure when vent's are relaxed
Vascoconstriction - if the smooth muscles in arteriole walls contract , the arterioles narrow
Vasodilation - an i crease in diameter that causes blood pressure in the arteries to fall
Lymph - recovered fluid that circulates within the lymphatic system
Lymph Nodes - small lymph-filtering organ along a lymph vessel
Adaptations for Gas Exchange
Respiratory Pigments - circulate with the blood or hemolymph and are often contained within specialized cells
Bohr Shift - Low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2
Myoglobin - and oxygen storing protein
Mammalian Circulation
Rt vent pumps blood to lungs via Pulm artery
As blood flows thru capillary beds in L & R lungs, it loads O2 and unloads CO2
As ox-rich blood comes from lungs via pulm veins to L atrium of the heart
Ox-rich blood flows into L vent, pumping blood out to body tissues thru systemic circuit
Blood leaves LV via aorta, conveying blood to arteries leading thru the body
Branches lead to capillary beds in the head and arms
The aorta descends to abdomen, supplying ox-rich blood to arteries leading to the capillary beds in organs and legs
Ox-poor blood from the head, neck, and limbs is channeled into a large vein, the inferior vena cava, drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs
2 vena cava empty their blood into the R atrium, from which the ox-poor blood flows into the R vent
Chapter 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion
Balancing of Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation - process by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
Excretion - ridding the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products
Osmolarity - number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Osmoconformer - to be isosmotic with its surroundings
Osmoregulator - to control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment
Anhydrobiosis - life without water
Transport Epithelia - one or more layers of epithelial cells specialized for moving particular solutes in controlled amounts in specific directions
Diverse Excretory Systems
Filtration
Filtrate - Solution when salts, sugars, AA, nitrogenous wastes and water cross the membrane
Reabsorption - recovers useful molecules and water from the filtrate and returns then to the body fluid
Protonephridia - excretory systems that flatworms which lack a coelom or body cavity have
Metanephridia - excretory organs that collect fluid directly from the coelom
Malpighian Tubules - organs that remove nitrogenous wastes and that also function in osmoregulation
The Nephron
Proximal Tubule
Reabsorption in the proximal tubule
Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Further reduces filtrate volume via distinct stages of water and salt movement
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Filtrate reaches tip of loop and returns to the cortex
Distal tubule
Plays a key role in regulating K+ and NaCl concentration of body fluids
Collecting duct
process the filtrate into urine, which carries to the renal pelvis
Hormonal Circuits
Antidiuretic hormone - key hormone of kidney
Renin-angiotension (RAAS - regulates kidney function
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) - a specialized tissue consisting of cells of and around the afferent arteriole, supplying blood to glomerulus
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - opposes the RAAS