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Community Ecology (Metapopulations in Patchy Environments (metapopulation,…
Community Ecology
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
metapopulation
migration and gene flow between patches
conservation biology
goal of preserving endangered species
source habitat
high-quality patch
sink habitat
low-quality one
animals will migrate from one patch to the other
fugitive species
one that survives by colonizing new patches
assisted dispersal
in which animals are captured in one area and released into the new area
Predator-Prey Interactions
one predator, one prey
functional response
amount of time needed to consume prey
prey dependent
predator response is dependent on prey density
there is an equation to figure this out
N=q/fa
zero growth isocline
illustrates the effect of prey density on predator populations
paradox of enrichment
important factor in loss of species
occurs when habitat is improved
predator-prey interaction
becomes unstoppable
can wipe out predator
when there is more prey than predator
maximum sustained yield
harvest enough species to keep population density at a certain point
fixed effort harvesting
population health is determined by amount of fish or deer being harvested with an ammount of effort
fixed quota harvesting
fisherman or hunters are allowed to harvest a certain amount of certain animals
predator selection among multiple prey
optimal foraging theory
examine interactions between factors
attempts to understand herbivores
many cases where animals select specific targets for food
such as a bee picking a specific type of flower
optimal diet model
makes four predictions
first predators choose which prey yields more energy
second is the high yield prey become sufficiently scarce
third is some prey will always be eaten when approached
fourth is the probability that a particular plant will be eaten
competition between species
exploitation competition
when the organisms consume shared resources
making it less avable for other organisms
interference competition
one organism restricts another organsm's access to resources
invasive species
when another species is growing with a competitor present
resource
any substance or factor that can lead to increasesd growth rates
apparent competition
plants that are not actually competing for and using a resource
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
mutualism
two organisms that both benefit
pollinators and the plants they pollinate
facilitation
when one organsm helps the other without recieving anything
nurse plants
plants that alter a small area of habitat
primary succession
organisms become established on newly created substrates
Interconnectedness of Species
food chain
direct line of consumption
food web
network of numerous interrelationships
energy flow web
a trace of how energy flows through the community
keystone species
the presence or absence of certain species
Diversity
diversity and scale
scale
community diversity that is being studied
common observation
species-area relationship
relationship between area and species richness
species abundance distribution
plot the number of species in abundance class
diversity and latitude
varies with scale
varies with latitude
north or south cordinants
geographic and geological components contribute to differences in diversity
consist of more than one species
