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Three Certainties (Tips & Tactics (KNOW caselaw (Know RELATIONSHIPS…
Three Certainties
Certainty of Intention
(aka Words)
Complications
Read Document as a Whole
Adams v KV dicta
re 'full confidence'
No Magic Words
eg
Tito v Waddell
[1977]
Substance over Form
see eg
Comiskey
[1905] (HL)
'Sham' trusts
eg
Midland Bank v Wyatt
[1996] 'for a rainy day'
Context
Kind of Dealing
Domestic
eg
Paul v Constance
[1977] (CA)
Commercial
eg
Associated Alloys
(Aus)
Style of Dealing
Formal
eg
Knight v Knight
(1840)
Informal
eg
Gold v Hill
[1999]
Basic Rules
Adams v KV
(1884) (CA)
Imperative Words
(
Wright v Atkyns
)
Precatory Words
eg
Re Diggles
(1888) 'It is my desire...'
Consequences
Usual
: Gift
OR
Trust
Gift plus Non-Trust = Gift
(
usually
):
Lassence v Tierney
Other possibilities
eg
Re Barlow
[1978]
Meaning & Relevance
Care with pre-
Lambe
caselaw
Application Beyond Trusts
Certainty of Subject-Matter
(ie Property)
Significance
:
Re Ellenborough
[1902]
Usual Consequences of Failure
:
Boyce v Boyce
(1849)
Meaning
General Rules
Total Property
Palmer v Simmonds
(1854)
Individual Shares
:
Boyce v Boyce
(1849)
Segregation Needed
:
Re Wait, Re Goldcorp
Hard Cases
Generous?
Re Golay
[1965]
Reasonable Income?
Which House?
Hunter v Moss
[1994] (CA)
White v Shortall
[2006] NSW re-interpretation
Sir Roy Goode's shares argument
Intangible, Fungible or what?
Overrule or Extend?
Strict?
Sprange v Barnard
(1789)
Certainty of Objects
(ie Persons)
Consequences of Absence
eg Resulting Trust
Vandervell
Various Rules
(
Handle With Care
)
Fixed Trusts
IRC v Broadway Cottages
[1955] (CA)
Rationale(s)
Powers
Re Gulbenkian
[1970] (HL)
Rationale(s)
Conditions Subsequent
Gifts with Condition Precedent
Standard Form & Test:
Re Allen
[1951] (CA)
Variant Form:
Re Barlow
[1978]
Discretionary Trusts
Rationale(s)
Variety
Family
Corporate eg
McPhail
McPhail v Doulton
[1971] (HL)
Re Baden
(No 2) [1973] (CA)
Megaw LJ
Stamp LJ
Sachs LJ
Significance
Don't Forget
Morice
Beneficiary Principle
Name(s) or Formula OK
Could be Corporate
Person/s Expected
Purposes need Interpretation eg
Abbott, Osoba
Meaning
Special Cases
Expert tells Meaning eg *
Re Tuck*
Trustee Choice as Fact:
Re Leek
Administrative Unworkability eg
West Yorks CC
case
Capriciousness:
Brown v Burdett
Tips & Tactics
Focus ONLY on REAL Issues
KNOW caselaw
Know RELATIONSHIPS between Cases
Know EXCEPTIONS to the Rules & Principles
Know and USE Material Facts
Academic Sources for Serial Difficulties
DON'T forget Critical Analysis
Draw Charts & Tables -
whatever works
Set each other tests/ challenges in your Study Groups
NO crowbars
!
General
Basic to Creation of Trusts
Assumes Beneficiary Principle satisfied as eg
Morice v Bishop of Durham
(1805)
Balance Maxims
Equity looks to the Substance not the Form
eg
Paul v Constance
[1977] (CA)
Equity Follows the Law eg
Day v Brownrigg
(1878) (CA)
Equity will not Assist a Volunteer to Perfect an Imperfect Gift eg
Milroy v Lord
(1862) (CA)
Respect the Settlor's Intention (NB Cuts 2 ways:
Milroy v Lord
(1862) (CA))
Magis Valeat
… ie Make It Work -
Choithram v Pagarani
[2000] (PC) per Lord B-W
KNOW Differences between ...
Powers
Plain Power
Power given to a Trustee
General
Hybrid
Special
Gifts
Gift with Precatory Words
Gift with a Condition Precedent eg
Re Allen, Re Barlow
Outright
Trusts
Fixed eg as in
Hunter v Moss
Discretionary eg
McPhail
NO crowbars!