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PE - paper 1 - part 1 (Structure and functions of the musculoskeletal…
PE - paper 1 - part 1
Structure and functions of the musculoskeletal system
Bones
Shoulder - Scapula, humerus
Chest - ribs, sternum
Head/neck - Cranium, vertebrae
Elbow - humerus, radius, ulna
Hip - pelvis, femur
Knee - femur, tibia, patella
Ankle - tibia, fibula, talus
Structure of a skeleton
Flat bones protect organs
Shape and type of bone determine type of movement, short bone being small and precise
Bones are point attachment for muscles
Allows movement at a joint
Functions of a skeleton
Support
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
Movement
Muscles
Hamstring - back of leg at top
Quadriceps - front of top of leg
Gastrocnemius - back of bottom of leg
Tibialis anterior - front of leg at bottom
Synovial joints
Synovial membrane - makes syno fluid
Synovial fluid - lubes joint
Bursae - fluid sack that prevents friction
Cartilage - reduces friction + acts like shock absorber
Ligaments - Joins bone to bone
Tendons - joins bone to bone
Movement
Adduction - movement toward the midline of the body
Roatation - limb turns on long axis
Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body
plantarflex- toes pointed down
Extension - angle at a joint increases
Dorsiflex -toes pointing up
Flexion - angle at the joint decreases
Muscle groups working
Isometric - muscle contacts but no movement
Isotonic - contracts and makes movement
Antagonist - relaxing or lengthening muscle
Agonist - muscle contracting
The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system
Pathways of air
Mouth/nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
Gaseous exchange
Alveoli
Thin walls
Short distance for diffusion
Large surface area
Lots of capillaries
Large blood supply
Movement of gas from high conc to low
Blood vessels
Artery away from heart (pa, aorta) - thick wall, small lumen
Veins to the heart (pv, vena cava) - thin wall, lagre lumen, valve
Capilliaries - allows blood to diffuse into cells - single cell wall
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Breathing thingy
Expiatory reserve volume
Max amount of air that can be forced out
Inspiratory reserve volume
Max air that can be brought in
Tidal volume
Amount in for a normal breath
Residual volume
Amount left in lungs after max out breath
Anaerobic + aerobic
Aerobic - high duration low intensity
Anaerobic - low duration high intensity
EPOC - (Excess post exercise oxygen consumption)
Amount of 02 needed to get body back to normal - produces lac acid
Recovery
Rehydration
Ice baths - lowers chances of doms
Cool down - stretch to keep elevated hr - removes lac acid
Short and long term effects of exercise
Immediate effects
Increase breathe rate
Increase hr
Hot/sweaty/red skin
Short term
Tiredness/fatigue
Light headiness
Nausea
DOMS
Long term
Improved spec components of fitness
Build muscle strength
Body shape may change
Improve muscular endurance
Speed
CV endurance
hypertrophy (heart is bigger)
lower resting hr