Educational Foundations and Teaching Philosophies

Freire

• Knowledge emerges only through invention and re-invention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry human beings pursue in the world, with the world, and with each other. (Freire, 2005, pg 72)

• Unfortunately, those who espouse the cause of liberation are themselves surrounded and influenced by the climate which generates the banking concept, and often do not perceive its true significance or its dehumanizing power (Freire, 2005, pg 76)

• Problem-posing education, as a humanist and liberating praxis, posits as fundamental that the people subjected to domination must fight for their emancipation. To that end, it enables teachers and students to become Subjects of the educational process by overcoming authoritarianism and an alienating intellectualism; it also enables people to overcome their false perception of reality (Freire, 2005, pg 86)

• The student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means, or realizing the true significance of "capital" in the affirmation "the capital of Para is Belem," that is, what Belem means for Pard and what Para means for Brazil (Freire, 2005, pg 71)

“Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students.”(Freire, pg. 73)

Adler

Docility and Authority

“Docility is the virtue which regulates a man's will with respect to learning from a teacher.” (Adler, 1989, p. 24)

“In the field of natural knowledge, the student must ultimately make up his own mind in the light of natural reason, but until he is able to do that finally he should try to get all the help he can from those who offer to teach him.” (Adler, 1989, p.24)
“Docility is needed, therefore, to dispose him to seek and to use such help wisely and well.” (Adler, 1989, p.24)

“We cannot be instructed by our peers, or at least not in the respects in which there is peerage or equality in knowledge. Unless the teacher has an authority which comes from greater knowledge or skill, he cannot justly be our master, nor need we be docile as his students.” (Adler, 1989, p.24)

"Authority and docility will be combined in him, for he is both a teacher of those who know less than himself and a s student of the masters of his subject matter. One might even guess that there will be a certain proportion between his attainment of authority and his exercise of docility." (Adler, 1989, 26)

Docility and History

“Hence, education in philosophy is a good field for the examination of the relation between docility and history.” (Alder, 1989, p. 31).

"Teachers are usually the product of the educational system in which they serve in their turn." (Adler, 1989, 30)

“Other critics have wondered whether the paraphernalia of historical scholarship can be so cavalierly dispensed with. The program of getting the tradition to reveal its secrets by going directly to the books seems to underestimate the importance of the philological approach to past cultures.” (Adler, 1989, p.29)

Adler Invitation to the Pain of Learning

“Anyone who has done any thinking, even a little bit, knows that it is painful. It is hard work—in fact the very hardest that human beings are ever called upon to do” (Adler,1989, pg.35).

“But what I do not know is whether it can ever do what the best teachers have always done and must now be doing; namely, to present programs which are genuinely educative, as opposed to merely stimulating, in the sense that following them requires the listener to be active not passive, to think rather than remember, and to suffer all the pains of lifting himself up by his own bootstraps” (Adler,1989, pg.36).

Essentialism

Bruner, J. S. (1977). The importance of structure. In The Process of Education. (pp. 17-32).

“There are two ways in which learning serves the future" (Bruner, 1977, p. 17).

“A second way in which earlier learning renders later performance more efficient is through what is conveniently called nonspecific transfer or, more accurately, the transfer of principles and attitudes” (Bruner, 1977, p. 17).

“The first and most obvious problem is how to construct curricula that can be taught by ordinary teachers to ordinary students and that at the same time reflect clearly the basic or underlying principles of various fields of inquiry.” (Bruner, 1977, p. 18)

Four General Claims

“The second point relates to human memory. Perhaps the most basic thing that can be said about human memory, after a century of intensive research, is that unless detail is placed into a structured pattern, it is rapidly forgotten.” (Bruner, 1977, p. 24)

Kostylo

Social Reconstructionism

“The reconstructionist concept of education, emphasizing the central category of democracy, certainly set before pedagogy more questions than it brought answers” (Kostylo, 2014, p. 31).

Perennialism

Perennialism focuses the hope for proper education and, indeed, also for a healthy culture in returning to the idea of the Middle Ages, to the eternal principles of truth, good and beauty. (Kostylo 2014, p. 23-24)

Dewey

The Nature of Method

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What The School is

“The teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child and to assist him in properly responding to these influences.” (Dewey 1897, p5)

“I believe that the teacher's business is simply to determine on the basis of larger experience and riper wisdom, how the discipline of life shall come to the child.’ (Dewey 1897, p5)

What Education Is

The subject-matter of education

The school and social progress

“I believe that every teacher should realize the dignity of his calling; that he is a social servant set apart for the maintenance of proper social order and the securing of the right social growth.” (Dewey 1897, pg. 11)