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OPTHALMIC DRUGS (Ophthalmic glaucoma agents (Trade Name: Betimol Generic…

- - - - It blocks both beta, and beta2-adrenergic receptors. Timolol does not have significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, local anesthetic (membrane-stabilizing) or direct myocardial depressant activity.
        Timolol, when applied topically in the eye, reduces normal and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous visual field loss. The higher the level of IOP, the greater the likelihood of glaucomatous visual field loss and optic nerve damage. The predominant mechanism of ocular hypotensive action of topical beta- adrenergic blocking agents is likely due to a reduction in aqueous humor production.
    - - Betimol is indicated in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma.
    - - Storage
        
        Store between 15° to 25°C . Do not freeze. Protect from light.
      - Side Effects
        
        Eye pain, epiphora, photophobia, blurred or abnormal vision, corneal fluorescein staining, keratitis, blepharitis, headache and cataract
      - Contra Indications
        
        Betimol is contraindicated in patients with overt heart failure, cardiogenic shock, sinus bradycardia, second or third-degree atrioventricular block, bronchial asthma or history of bronchial asthma, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or hypersensitivity to the product
      - Route of Administration
        
        Topically on the eye
- - - - Pegaptanib is a selective vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonist. VEGF is a secreted protein that selectively binds and activates its receptors located primarily on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. VEGF induces angiogenesis, and increases vascular permeability and inflammation, all of which are thought to contribute to the progression of the neovascular (wet) form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness. VEGF has been implicated in blood retinal barrier breakdown and pathological ocular neovascularization.
    - - Macugen is indicated for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration.
    - - Contra Indications
        
        Macugen is contraindicated in patients with ocular or periocular infections.
      - Side Effects
        
        Endophthalmitis retinal detachment, and iatrogenic traumatic cataract.
      - Storage
        
        Store in the refrigerator at 2° to 8°C. Do not freeze or shake vigorously.
      - Route of Administration
        
        Intravitreal
- - - - The mechanism of its action is thought to be due to its ability to block prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 and 2. Prostaglandins have been shown in many animal models to be mediators of certain kinds of intraocular inflammation. In studies performed in animal eyes, prostaglandins have been shown to produce disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocytosis, and increased intraocular pressure.
    - - For the treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation and ocular pain following cataract surgery.
    - - Contra Indications
        
        Not to be taken by people with diabetes or a blood clotting problem or asthma
      - Side Effects
        
        Increased light sensitivity
        
        Flashes
      - Storage
        
        Store at controlled room temperature (between 20 and 25 degrees celsius)
      - Route of Administration
        
        Applied topically to the eye
- - - - Mechanism of Action: Olopatadine exhibits two distinct mechanisms of action. It inhibits histamine release from mast cells and is a relatively selective antagonist of H1-receptors. As a result, olopatadine prevents type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Topical ocular administration relieves the ocular pruritus associated with allergic conjunctivitis. Intranasal administration relieves symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Olopatadine does not act upon alpha-adrenergic, dopaminergic, type 1 or type 2 muscarinic, or serotonergic receptors.
    - - For the treatment of the signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis, including ocular pruritus.
    - - Contra Indications
        
        Do not apply if using contact lenses
        
        Caution should be used when driving or operating machinery or participating in any activities requiring mental alertness.
      - Side Effects
        
        epistaxis
        
        pharyngitis
        
        ocular irritation
      - Storage Conditions
        
        Store between 3 to 25 degrees Celsius
      - Route of Administration
        
        For topical application to the eye only.