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Metabolism (Glycolysis Pathway (Breaking down glucose from 6C to pyruvate…
Metabolism
Glycolysis Pathway
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Enzymes are highly selective for the substrate it binds to and the reaction it carries out - this takes place with or without oxygen
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The brain works solely on glucose - uses 20% of the ATP even though it only makes up 2% of your body
Hexokinase, requires co-factors ATP and Mg2+. Reaction one way only – inhibited by high concentrations of product (G6P)
Phosphofructokinase is the main control point:
high [ATP] inhibits PFK, while high [ADP] activates PFK
Pyruvate kinase, requires co-factors can be turned on-off by hormonal signalling pathways –alter enzyme structure
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Key Players
Enzymes - Nearly all are proteins, except for ribosomes (that is RNA) Proteins are made from amino acids
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Metabolites - small chemical compounds - example amino acids, monosaccharides, purine, pyrimidines, CO2. Anything that is not a protein is a metabolite
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Metabolism - the chemical changes that occur in living organisms - series of pathways of linked chemical reactions
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All 3 macronutrients go through the Kreb Cycle - Carbs used, then fats then proteins from the muscles.
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If low on ATP glucose is metabolised into the glycogenic pathway. If high levels of ATP the glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver. Muscles also store glycogen but these are used for the muscles.
In order for cells to diver the need nucleotides.
Some glucose is converted from 6 carbon sugar into 5 carbon sugar for making nucleotides
Co-factors - often metals, needed in v.small amounts - not a limiting factor unless there is physiological/pathological issues - example restricted diet - associated with minerals
Co-enzymes - think of as co-substrate - reversible change in reaction. They are active form of vitamins
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Inhibitors - often the final product of the pathway. High concentration of something, you might want to slow down or stop the synthesis. Self regulating system. Allosteric inhibition. Feedback inhibition
High concentrations of ATP inhibits PFK
Allosteric Enzyme Kinetics - Activator - to the left of graph speeds up the reactions - to the right the inhibitor slows down the reaction