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Birmingham case study -Jacob Skertchly (Structure of Birmingham…
Birmingham case study -Jacob Skertchly
Site of Birmingham
On a dry point site
Birmingham developed industry such as jewelry. It required small amounts of raw materials - important because it didn't have canals until much later
1830s - canals and railways allowed Birmingham to expand and connect to other parts of the UK
Migration
National migration
Why people leave Birmingham for other parts of the UK
To retire in the countryside (often South-West). Nicer environment, better weather
Maybe more variety of jobs in other cities, e.g. London
Why people move to Birmingham
The main group is students attending university
International migration
Why people leave the UK
The main reason is climate, most popular destination is Australia
Why people move to Birmingham
Birmingham has a high migrant population so people often have friends and family in the city
Fleeing from conflict e.g. Syria
Higher paid jobs in the UK than many countries in Europe e.g. Poland
Effect on Birmingham
Ethnic groups concentrate in different parts of the city e.g. Sparkbrook
Reasons: Services develop to support these groups e.g. shops, religious facilities, people live close to friends and family already in these areas and people are less likely to face discrimination if they are less of a minority group in an area.
Puts a strain on healthcare services, e.g. too many people for local GP's, too many children in school who don'y speak English as a first language, problems of rubbish collection, language barrier
Changes in parts of the city
Urbanisation
The increase in proportion of people living in urban areas
Happened in the 18th/19th century when people moved to the city for jobs in manufacturing and also due to the problems in agriculture
Suburbanisation
Increasing proportion of people living in the suburbs
Happened in the 1920s/30s because people wanted better housing and the suburbs were less polluted.
Counter-Urbanisation
People moving back to the countryside from the city
Happened in the 1970's onwards when people moved to towns such as Redditch to escape pollution and crime and noise etc.
Reurbanisation
Children left Birmingham for countryside when very young (nicer environment etc.) They then return to the city as adults for jobs, university, etc.
Inequality
Deprivation in Birmingham
Index of multiple deprivation - measures how deprived certain areas of the city are - looks at housing, crime, income, education and health
Why is there inequality in Birmingham
Inner city is most deprived because this is where industrialization has been most severe
Inner city, lowest life expectancy, lowest income, worst housing, worst schools quality
Housing quality is worst in the inner city - often damp
Jobs tend to be low-paid in the inner city
Least investment e.g. new infrastructure, housing, roads etc. which creates further inequality
De-industrialisation
The loss of jobs in manufacturing, a reduction in the number of people employed in the primary sector.
Causes
De-Centralisation
Many factories are in the old inner city area, they couldn't expand as the city had grown therefore they closed factories and moved them out of the city where there was more space to expand. People lost jobs if they couldn't move with the factory
Globalisation
Factories closed down and companies moved jobs abroad e.g. to hina where wages were lower and there was a bigger market for their goods. This saved companies money and made more profit
Technological advances
Automation or mechanisation - where machines do the work of people, leads to job losses as fewer people are needed. In Birmnigham new technology was slow to be adopted and factories in other places became more efficient and so in Birmingham factories closed
Transport developments
Motrowats were built on the edge of Birmingham - this allowed for very quick transport of goods, roads in the inner city were narrow and slow, so factories moved to be closer to the motorwats. Some people lost their jobs if they couldn'y move
Impacts
Unemployment (downward spiral effect)
Pollution from old inner city factory sites especially where metal manufacturing had occurred
Workers needed to be retrained as they didn;t have the skills for the new jobs in the tertiary sector - Structural unemployment
Sustainability
Sustainability in general
Meeting the needs of the present whilst allowing future generations to meet their needs
Many jobs have been created and this provides tax income for Birmingham to use to create changes
Recycling
England average = 43.5% in 2013, Birmingham was 30.1%. Possible reason for difference high migrant population do not understand the recycling system
Transport
Provision of gas buses, using special bus lanes, meaning that bus is often faster than cars around the city so people use them
Structure of Birmingham
CBD
There is a great supply of land so land cost is very low. Therefore things here are generally things that need space but need to be close to the City. For example Shopping centers and Golf Courses.
Inner City
Traditional housing is back to back terraces. These were knocked down and replaced with high rise tower blocks. This is called comprehensive redevelopment.
Suburbs
More green spaces and Cul-De-Sac. Services such as schools are there. These developed in the 1950's and 60's in Birmingham as people wanted to move away from the inner city as people o longer needed to live within walkig distance of work. House are detached/semi detached. Not many jobs
Rural Urban fringe
There is a great supply of land so land cost is very low. Therefore things here are generally things that need space but need to be close to the City. For example Shopping centers and Golf Courses.
industrial zones
Used to be in the inner city when this was the edge of the city
Now many have moved to the rural urban fringe as the businesses needed space to expand and the inner city was surrounded by suburbs.
Changes in retailing
First phase
Until the 1970's, CBD was most popular place for retail - highest footfall, The most accessible part of the city.
Second phase
1970's - mass car ownership. People wanted to drive to shops (couldn't because of narrow roads in CBD, out of town shopping centres developed with free parking and undercover shops e.g. Merry Hill in Dudley. Developed on the edge of the city because cheapest land
Third phase
1980's onwards - The CBD fights back. Birmingham built the Bullring shopping centre, and pedestrianised the CBD to make it more attractive to shoppers, encouraged shops to open late.