Increase the retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus and decrease the urinary excretion of calcium.

is used for treatment of endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease, and hereditary angioedema. It does this by inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH), leading to a drop in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Common effects: headache (possibly related to fluid and electrolyte changes), dizziness, sleep disorders and fatigue, rash, and altered serum electrolytes.

Growth and development of male sex organs and the maintenance of secondary male sex characteristics.

A potentially life-threatening effect that has been documented is hepatocellular cancer.

Antiestrogen effects: flushing, sweating, vaginitis, nervousness, and emotional lability.

Androgenic effects: acne, edema, hirsutism (increased hair distribution), deepening of the voice, oily skin and hair, weight gain, decrease in breast size, and testicular atrophy.

risk of thromboembolic events, fetal abnormalities, hepatitis, and intracranial hypertension.

Arrange for radiographs of the long bones in children to assess for testosterone effects on growth.

Assess for the mentioned cautions and contraindications (e.g. drug allergy, hepatic dysfunction, CV diseases, breast/prostate cancer in men, etc.)

Affect the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Responsible for the proliferation of the endometrial lining and are known to compete with androgens for receptor sites.

The most potent endogenous female sex hormone responsible for estrogen effects on the body.

The loss of estrogen is responsible for the signs and symptoms of menopause in the uterus, vagina, breasts, and cervix.

Used as palliation for the discomforts of menopause in the first few years of menopause, when many of the beneficial effects of estrogen are lost.

Treat female hypogonadism and ovarian failure; to prevent postpartum breast engorgement.

Used for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in small doses when ovarian activity is blocked or absent.

Systemic effects: fluid retention, electrolyte disturbances, headache, dizziness, mental changes, weight changes, edema

GU: breakthrough bleeding, menstrual irregularities, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, changes in libido

GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramp, bloating, colitis, acute pancreatitis, cholestatic jaundice, hepatic adenoma

Idiopathic vaginal bleeding, breast cancer, estrogen-dependent cancer.

Arrange for ophthalmic examination especially for patients who are wearing contact lenses because hormonal changes can alter the fluid in the eye and curvature of the cornea, which can change the fit of contact lenses and alter visual acuity.

Prevent follicle maturation and ovulation as well as uterine contraction.

Exact mechanism of action in its function as a contraceptive is not known but it it thought that circulating progestins and estrogens “trick” the hypothalamus and pituitary and prevent the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH, and LH. Therefore, follicle development and ovulation are prevented.

Transform the proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium. They also inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH.

Prevent follicle maturation and ovulation as well as uterine contraction.

Exact mechanism of action in its function as a contraceptive is not known but it it thought that circulating progestins and estrogens “trick” the hypothalamus and pituitary and prevent the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH, and LH. Therefore, follicle development and ovulation are prevented.

Transform the proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium. They also inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH.

Drosperinone is contraindicated in patients who are at risk for hyperkalemia due to its antimineralocorticoid effects and the risk of hyperkalemia.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), sexually transmitted diseases,

epilepsy migraine headaches, asthma, cardiac or renal dysfunction. Potential exacerbation of these conditions.

Dermal patch contraceptives are associated with same systemic effects, as well as local skin irritation.

Vaginal gel use is associated with headache, nervousness, constipation, breast enlargement, and perineal pain.

Intrauterine systems are associated with abdominal pain, endometriosis, abortion PID, and expulsion of the intrauterine device.

Arrange for ophthalmic examination especially for patients who are wearing contact lenses because hormonal changes can alter the fluid in the eye and curvature of the cornea, which can change the fit of contact lenses and alter visual acuity.

Monitor laboratory test results (e.g. urinalysis, renal and hepatic function tests, etc.) to determine possible need for a reduction in dose and evaluate for toxicity.

Assess for the mentioned cautions and contraindications (e.g. drug allergies, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic bone disease, history of thromboembolism, etc.) to prevent any untoward complications.