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JIGSAW GROUP (LABAREE (PISA (“PISA measures what it considers economically…

- - - - given at 4 year intervals
        
        under the generic name Trends in International mathematics and Science Study
  - - - “The roots of the No Child Left Behind law in the United States can be found in the educational standards movement that began to emerge in the 1960s at the state level across the country.” (Labaree, 2014, p. 6)
        
        “The core mechanism for raising educational standards through NCLB was the addition of federal rewards and punishments to reinforce educational standards that already existed at the state level.” (Labaree, 2014, p. 7)
        
        “But the NCLB approach did not allow for comparison across states, each of which had its own curriculum standards and its own tests. In PISA the emphasis is on comparison over content; in NCLB it is on content over comparison.” (Labaree, 2014, p. 8)
- - - - “Treating the GED as not only legally equivalent but as synonymous with a high school diploma not only distorted perceptions and policy conversations around schools in the 1950s” (13).
        
        “The state counted those people in its official graduation statistics such that in some years the state reported issuing more diplomas than students enrolled in the 12th grade” (14).
    - - “In 1960, 46 states required individuals to be at least 20 years of age in order to receive an equivalency certificate. By 1972 that number had shrunk to just four states, while 27 states required individuals be 19 and 24 states required students be only 18” (12).
        
        “If the test represented an objective measure of high school attainment, then age considerations were irrelevant—the test measured what it measured” (13).