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Skeletal System 6.8-6.11 (6.10 Synovial Joints (3 types of movement…

- - - - anterior clavicles (2) = collar bones
        
        medial sternal ends
        
        lateral acromial end
        
        provide attachments for many muscles
      - posterior scapulae (2) = shoulder blades
        
        flattened, triangular bones
        
        glenoid cavity (fossa) =small fossa that articulates with the head of the humerus
        
        coracoid process = anterior projection of superior portion (looks like bent finger); attachment for bicep muscle
        
        acromion = uppermost point of shoulder
        
        spine = diagonal posterior surface
        
        body = flattened triangular region
        
        medial and lateral border
        
        inferior angle
    - - typical long bone
      - note location of:
        
        proximal head
        
        distal capitulum and trochlea (articulate with radius and ulna)
        
        greater/lesser tubercle
        
        deltoid tuberosity
        
        body
        
        medial/ lateral epicondyles
        
        olecranon fossa
    - - note location of
        
        head
        
        neck
        
        radial tuberosity
        
        ulnar notch (distal)
        
        styloid process (lateral prominence)
    - - note location of
        
        olecranon process = prominence of elbow
        
        trochelar notch= receives trochlea of humerus
        
        coronoid process
        
        head (distal)
        
        styloid process (medial prominence)
    - - carpals = 8 carpals (wrist; short) bones
        
        scaphoid
        
        lunate
        
        triquetrum
        
        pisiform
        
        hamate
        
        capitate
        
        trapezoid
        
        trapezium
      - metacarpals = 5 metacarpals (hand;long) bones
      - phalanges; phalanx = finger bone or digit
      - thumb (pollex) = 2 digits
      - fingers = 3 digits
      - total per limb = 14 digits or phalanges
    - - composed of a pair of coxal bones; coxae, which articulate: anteriorly at the symphysis pubis, posteriorly with the sacrum
      - each coxal bone consists of 3 seperate bones during childhood, but these bones are securely fused in adults
        
        ilium = largest uppermost flaring portion of coxal bone
        
        the socket that articulates with head of femur is called the acetabulum
        
        the hole in each coxal bone is called the obturator foramen
        
        iliac crest = prominence of the hip (hands on hips)
        
        ischium = lowest L-shaped portion of coxal bone (area we sit on)
        
        pubis = anterior portion of coxal bone; badder rests upon it
        
        the pubis (coxal) bones articulate anteriorly at the symphysis pubis (fibrocartilage disc)
    - - pelvic brim is border between the greater (false) and lesser (true) pelvis
      - lesser (true) pelvis is passageway for fetus during birth
    - - female ilium is more flared
      - female has wider pubic arch
    - - largest, longest, strongest bone in skeleton
        
        note the location of
        
        head
        
        neck
        
        greater and lesser tubercle
        
        linea aspera
        
        lateral and medial condyles (tibia)
        
        epicondyles
        
        patellar surface
    - - very strong
        
        note location of
        
        medial/lateral condyles
        
        tibial tuberosity
        
        medial malleolus (buldge of ankle)
    - - note the location of
        
        head
        
        lateral malleolus (lateral ankle buldge)
    - - tarsus = 7 tarsal (ankle) bones
      - body weight is carried on 2 largest tarsals
        
        talus = uppermost tarsal which articulates with the tibia and fibula
        
        calcaneus = heel bone
        
        metatarus = 5 metatarsal (foot) bones
        
        phalanges = toe bones or digits (14 total)
- - - - fibrous
        
        fibrous joints = joints composed of fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present; 3 types
        
        sutures
        
        short fibrous CT fibers
        
        synarthroses
        
        only found in skull
        
        syndesmosis
        
        cord of fibrous tissue called a ligament
        
        amphiarthroses with "give" but no true movement
        
        example = distal tibiofibular jont
        
        gomphosis
        
        tooth within its bony socket; (alveolar fossa)
        
        short periodontal ligament
      - cartilaginous
        
        cartilaginous joints = joints composed of cartilage; no joint cavity; 2 types
        
        synchondrosis
        
        a plate of hyaline cartilage
        
        sites of bone growth during youth
        
        eventually ossify = synarthrotic
        
        examples = joints between the first rib and manubrium, the epiphyseal plate
        
        symphysis
        
        pad or plate of fibrocartilage
        
        compressible "shock absorber"
        
        limited movement = amphiarthroses
        
        examples: intervertebral discs and epiphyseal plate
      - synovial
        
        synovial joints = fluid-filled joint cavity; free movement = diarthrosis
        
        structure of synovial joint
        
        articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covers the surface of each bone
        
        joint cavity = a potential space between the two bones, filled with synovial fluid
        
        articular capsule = double layered capsule surrounding cavity: external, tough flexible fibrous capsule (continuous with periosteum of the bones)
        
        synovia; membrane = loose CT lining of fibrous capsule, that also covers all internal joint surfaces excluding hyaline cartilage
        
        synovial fluid = viscous lubricating fluid within cavity; reduces friction between cartilages of 2 bones, provide "weeping lubrication", nourish cartilage, contain phagocytes
        
        reinforcing ligaments = ligaments that strengthen joint
        
        other joint features
        
        fatty pads (hip and knee)
        
        menisci or articular discs or that separate cavity into 2 compartments (knee,jaw,sternoclavicular)
        
        bursa = flattened fibrous sacs with a synovial membrane and fluid that act as "ball bearings" to prevent friction on adjacent structures during joint activity
        
        cushion the movement of one body part over another
        
        located between skin and bone (where skin rubs over bone), and between muscle, tendons, ligaments and bone
- - - - flexion= decreasing the angle between 2 bones; example: head towards chest
      - dorsiflexion = bringing foot closer to shin
      - plantar flexion = pointing one's toe (flexion toward the sole)
      - extension = increasing the angle between 2 bones; example: straightening a flexed neck
      - hyperextension = increasing the angle greater than 180
    - - angular movements of synovial joints
        
        abduction
        
        adduction
        
        circumduction
        
        rotation
    - - supination/pronation
      - inversion/eversion
      - elevation/depression
      - protraction/retraction