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Humanities Study (Questions/topics Miss Zuhre mentioned in class…

- - - - Pro: Able to shoot people from a range
      - Con: Not effective at close range as they need time to set up again
    - - Pro: Swords are versatile and fast. You can also wield one with smaller arms (a hammer is pretty heavy). And, of course, there's the easy bits. Nobody ever ran themselves into a hammer. A hammer requires more energy behind it to work.
      - Con: A sword wasn't great a piercing through armour
    - - They were very flexible as they could be used for a multiple amount of reasons other than fighting such as a hunting instrument or a fishing tool. It could also be used and a short or long range weapon
      - In order for a spear to be effective from a distance, one required great strength and accuracy which needed great practice
  - - - illumination: hand-painted illustration in a medieval book
      - reeve: a magistrate administering law in a village
      - franklin: in the fourteenth century, one who was a landowner but not a member of the nobility
      - tithe barn: a barn where peasants’ produce is stored as a form of taxation
      - deposed: removed from a position of authority
      - Franks: people of a group of a Germanic nation who ruled in western Europe from the sixth century CE
      - orb: globe with a cross, symbolising a Christian monarch’s rule
      - feudalism: social order in medieval Europe
      - lord: chief position in the feudal system below the monarch
      - clergy: officials of the Church
      - geld: a form of land tax
      - stirrups: foot supports suspended from a saddle by straps
      - duke: in England, a lord whose status placed him just below that of a prince; elsewhere in Europe, a ruler of a small state called a duchy or dukedom
      - Normandy: now a French province, in the Middle Ages it was a dukedom in northern France
      - lance: a long wooden shaft with steel point used as a weapon by mounted knights
      - mace: iron-headed club
      - joust: combat between two mounted knights using blunted lances
      - motte: a mound upon which a castle was built
      - moat: water-filled defensive ditch surrounding a castle
      - keep: innermost tower of a castle
      - palisade: tall fence made of pointed timber stakes driven into the ground
      - curtain wall: outer wall surrounding an inner wall in a castle
      - concentric: having a common centre
      - cathedral: main church of a diocese; contains the bishop’s throne
      - sacrament: sacred Christian ceremony; in the Catholic Church, for example, baptism and marriage
      - edict: order issued by a monarch or other person in authority
      - bishop: clergyman who governs a diocese, a large church district
      - archbishop: head bishop
      - cardinal: leading clergyman who is a member of the Pope’s Council, or Sacred College, and who has the power to elect the Pope from among his own group
      - vernacular: everyday language spoken by a particular group or class
      - sermon: moral or religious lecture delivered by a priest
      - Mass: Roman Catholic church service
      - abbot: chief monk in a monastery
      - convent: community of nuns
      - abbess: chief nun in a convent
      - abbey: monastery or convent run by an abbot or abbess
      - heretic: a Christian who holds views that conflict with official Church teachings
      - pilgrim: one who travels to a sacred place to show devotion to his or her faith
      - Holy Land: land in the Middle East which has significant importance for Christians, Muslims and Jews
      - Crusader: during the Middle Ages, someone who took part in a Crusade, an armed expedition against those believed to be enemies of the Church
      - pillage: to steal or plunder using force, especially during war
  - - - The king or queen was at the very top. they owned all the land, which they broke up and gave out, in exchange for military help. The land they gave out was called a fief, and there were giant and small fiefs.
      - the person getting the land was called a vassal. there was different levels of vassals with nobles (lords,barons and counts) being the highest level. knights were another kind of vassal who fought for the lords. once vassals got land, they would also become a lord to the people working on the land they received
      - serfs and peasants were the people at the bottom. Some were farmers, while others were assigned a trade by the noble, like being a baker. Serfs were connected to the land which means they were born there and couldn't leave. they had to ask the lord if they wanted to leave the land,get married, or change jobs. Peasants had a little more freedom than serfs, in that some owned the land they worked. Most people at this time were serfs and peasants.
- - - - it started 1347 and across three continents, eventually spreading across the rest of the world wiping out towns and villages. first started in Mongolia and spread along trade routes. when the tartar troops were weakened by the disease, they hurled bodies over the walls of caffa. people escaped this by getting on ships to italy but the disease still accompanied them on the ships.
  - - - used flowers to smell to get rid of the bad smell
      - cut out buboes to draw out the bad blood but the disease only spread as a result
      - some people believed it was gods punishment
      - one method that was the closest to stop it from spreading was to breathe in purified air from sitting between bonfires for days
- - - - the clergy led simple lives forsaking possessions in the service of god. As the clergy were educated elite they enjoyed their learning abilities. Clergy also sometimes helped in farms and owned villages
        
        peasant men life
        
        men:for peasant men life was very hard because they would have to endure their daily grind of farm work,clearing fields,harvesting,repairing buildings,sawing,chopping buildings ,sawing and chopping timber and paying tithe to the lord of the manor.Most men were uneducated and remained to drudgery of peasant labor
        
        the boys who managed to still get an education would use this information for becoming a parish priest or to work in the manor in a book keeping role such as a bailiff or a steward
        
        the house of a steward (who was the lords business manager) was usually surrounded by stables ,barns a baker house and a kitchen
        
        women in medieval europe
        
        women regardless of their class had some rights.
        
        women were married early (sometimes even 12),the marriage was usually arranged by the family to gain political wealth and power for the girls family
        
        the wife was expected to produce a male heir to continue the husbands air.Because of poor medical knowledge child birth was dangerous for women of any class.it is estimated 1 in 5 women died due to child birth during the middle ages.women were not allowed to own any land except as a widow if her husband died.
        
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        knights enjoyed taxes from their peasants
        
        lords often owned and operated grain mills and usually kept a portion of grain as tax.The lord also lived in a castle,manor or house.the woods and any animals for food in it were the lords property
        
        children medieval europe
        
        children were regarded as a source of labor on the farm.Firstly children would start by helping with household chores then later they would soon be expected to be sent out to the fields.Peasant children were taught from a young age on how to harvest a field,fix a thatched roof or milk a cow