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:<3:Introduction to Attachment :<3: (Attachment Figures (Parent…
:<3:Introduction to Attachment :<3:
Caregiver-Infant Interaction
Reciprocity
from Birth, mothers and infants spend a lot of time in intense and pleasurable interaction
babies have a periodic alert phase and signal they are ready for attachment
2/3 of the time, mothers pick upon and respond to the signals
from around 3 months, interaction is more frequent and involves attention to verbal signs and facial expressions
an interaction is reciprocal when each person responds to the other and elicits a response from them
Baby does take an active role
Both mother and child can initiate interactions and appear to do so in turns.
Brazleton - analogy of a dance - each partner responds to each other's moves
Interactional Synchrony
International synchrony (
Feldman
) - defined as the temporal co-ordination of micro-level social behaviour.
IS takes place when mother and infant interact in such a way that their actions and emotions mirror each other.
Two people are in synchrony when they carry out the same action simultaneously.
Melzoff and Moor
observed the beginnings of Is in infants as young as two weeks old.
An adult displayed one of three facial expressions or one of three gestures to the infant.
The child's response was filmed and identified by independent observers.
Isabella
observed 30 mothers and infants and assessed the degree of synchrony and the quality of mother infant attachment.
It was found that high levels of synchrony were associated with a better quality of mother infant attachment.
AO3
Attachment figures evaluation
If fathers have a distinct role why aren't children without fathers different
Inconsistent findings on fathers
Some psychologist are interested in understanding fathers as secondary attachment figures whilst other are concerned with a primary attachment approach.
Why don't fathers generally become primary attachments
Caregiver-infant interactions evaluations
It is hard to know what is happening when observing infants
Controlled observation captures fine detail
Observations don't tell us the the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity
Attachment Figures
Parent-Infant Attachment
We used to think in terms of
mother-infant attachment
(approx. 7 months)
Within a few weeks/months, they formed
secondary attachments
Schaffer and Emerson
found most babies became attached to their mothers first
75% of the infants studied, an attachment was formed by the father within 18 months
The infants protested when their father walked away (A sign of attachment)
The Role of the Father
Grossman
carried out a
longitudinal study
observing both parents behaviour, also looking at the quality of attachment to their teens
Fathers as Primary Carers